Journal of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine
Open Access

Abstract

Early Diagnosis of Diabetic Nephropathy in Patients with Diabetic Mellitus Type 2: A Systematic Review

Alyaa Kadhum Huliel, Huda Furhan Ahmed, Hiba Abdul-Hussein

Diabetic Nephropathy (DN), is a major micro vascular complications of the diabetes mellitus type 1 or 2 and the major reason of end-stage kidney disease. Primary diagnosis for diabetic kidney disease will help early intervention to reducing the progression rate to end-stage kidney disease. Protein in urine and measure estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) are the two measures for diagnostic and diabetic kidney disease prognosis. Many significant biomarkers for kidney damage and disease that aid in diagnosis of nephropathy. Biomarkers may help for diagnosis, treatment, reduces prevalence and slows the progression of nephropathy, this review concentrated on biomarkers that could make it possible for primary diagnosis, treatment and reduce the progression of diabetic nephropathy. Methods: A systematic review of studies published in 2024 was conducted in PubMed NCBI, Science Direct, Google Scholar, Springer Link and African Journal Online (AJOL). It included the studies that are published from June 2018 and March 2024, which depend on a population with type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. Evaluates the effect of diabetes on renal function using serum creatinine, blood urea, Albumin Creatinine Ratio (ACR), ketone bodies, insulin, Fasting Blood Sugar (FBS), Hemoglobin A1C (HbA1c) levels and also evaluate levels of nephrin protein, Wnt/beta-catenin, Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1(MCP-1) and Transforming Growth Factor-β (TGF-β). Results: 21 studies with available full text. These could be characterized as glomerular biomarkers; inflammatory biomarkers and tubular biomarkers. The biomarkers panel development showed more significant results in early detection diabetic kidney disease than those with a single biomarker. Conclusion: The study findings revealed that prevalence of diabetic nephropathy remains a high in diabetes patients. This study revealed that the diabetic patients with advanced age, longer duration of diabetes, family history of kidney disease, overweight and a poor glycemic control, were determinant factors of DN.

Published Date: 2024-06-24; Received Date: 2024-05-24