Anesthesia & Clinical Research
Open Access
ISSN: 2155-6148
ISSN: 2155-6148
Humberto S Machado
Serviço de Anestesiologia - Centro Hospitalar do Porto Largo Professor Abel Salazar,
4099-001 Porto
Portugal
Review Article
Opioid Controversies in Chronic Non Cancer Pain
Author(s): Dalila Veiga, Jose Romao, Luis Azevedo, Jose Castro Lopes and Humberto S Machado
Dalila Veiga, Jose Romao, Luis Azevedo, Jose Castro Lopes and Humberto S Machado
Opioids use for Chronic Non cancer Pain (CNCP) treatment has been increasing worldwide. Despite their important role for moderate to severe pain treatment, their use in CNCP has been subject of great controversy. Opioid long-term use is associated with adverse effects development such as hypogonadism, osteoporosis, immunosuppression, cognitive disorders, opioid induced hyperalgesia (OIH) and opioid addiction. Moreover, there is uncertainty about their long-term effectiveness and safety. It is important to raise awareness among physicians of opioid long-term effects, as well as, strategies for their prevention and treatment.
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DOI:
10.4172/2155-6148.1000592