Journal of Clinical and Cellular Immunology
Open Access
ISSN: 2155-9899
ISSN: 2155-9899
Maria Malm
Finland
Research Article
Comparison of Intramuscular, Intranasal and Combined Administration of Norovirus Virus-Like Particle Subunit Vaccine Candidate for Induction of Protective Immune Responses in Mice
Author(s): Maria Malm, Kirsi Tamminen, Timo Vesikari and Vesna BlazevicMaria Malm, Kirsi Tamminen, Timo Vesikari and Vesna Blazevic
Background and objectives: Noroviruses (NoVs) are major causative agents of non-bacterial acute gastroenteritis in people of all ages worldwide. NoV capsid VP1 derived virus-like particles (VLPs) produced in various expression systems are main vaccine candidates against NoV. The aim of this study was to investigate and compare systemic and mucosal delivery and a combination of both deliveries of NoV VLPs for induction of immune responses in BALB/c mice. Materials and methods: BALB/c mice were immunized Intramuscularly (IM), Intranasally (IN) or sequentially (IM followed by IN) with a candidate NoV GII-4 VLP vaccine developed by our laboratory. NoV GII-4-specific serum and mucosal IgG and IgA antibodies were analyzed by ELISA. GII-4–specific T cell immune responses were investigated using an ELISPOT assay measur.. View More»
DOI:
10.4172/2155-9899.1000284