Gynecology & Obstetrics
Open Access
ISSN: 2161-0932
ISSN: 2161-0932
Toru Sugiyama
Japan
Research Article
Facial Expressions of Fetal Growth Restriction and Appropriate-for-Gestational Age Fetuses Assessed by Four-Dimensional High-Definition Live Ultrasound
Author(s): Hideyuki Chida, Akihiko Kikuchi, Tomonobu Kanasugi, Chizuko Isurugi, Rie Oyama and Toru SugiyamaHideyuki Chida, Akihiko Kikuchi, Tomonobu Kanasugi, Chizuko Isurugi, Rie Oyama and Toru Sugiyama
Objective: To determine whether fetal growth restriction (FGR) fetuses have less facial expressions than appropriate-for-gestational age (AGA) counterparts with the assessment by four-dimensional high-definition live (4D HDlive) ultrasound.
Methods: 4D HDlive ultrasound examinations of fetal facial expressions were performed on singleton pregnant women between 26 and 39 weeks of gestation. The duration of the 4D HDlive recordings was 15 minutes in all cases. The frequency of seven types of previously-reported facial expressions, or blinking, mouthing, yawning, tongue expulsion, sucking, smiling and scowling, were assessed. Two observers counted the frequencies, and inter-and intra-observer reproducibility was examined. Wilcoxon rank-sum test was used for comparison of FGR and AGA group. Kruskal-Wallis test was used for intra-group significan.. View More»
DOI:
10.4172/2161-0932.1000455