Medical & Surgical Urology
Open Access

Faculty of Medicine, Al Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt

Biography

Ibrahim M. Kandil is working as Associate Professor of Faculty of Medicine, Al Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt. He has co-authored many scientific papers in leading scientific journals and he has written a number of book chapters.

Publications

• Mini Article   
  Micturition and Defecation, Neuro-Chemical Control
  Author(s): Abdel Karim M. El Hemaly*, Laila A.E.S. Mousa, Ibrahim M. Kandil, Muhammad R. Morad, Mervat M. Ibrhaim, Fatma S. Al Sokkary and Ahmad M. Erfan
  
  The urinary bladder and the urethra; the rectum and the anal canal have the same embryologic anatomical source, from the cloaca. They share the same nerve supply and have systemic sensory and proprioceptors (mechanoreceptors) in the muscle responsive to mechanical changes. Toilet training switches the toilet control, supervised by the CNS, from para-sympathetic to mainly sympathetic control. Acquired high sympathetic tone at the Internal Urethral Sphincter (IUS) and the Internal Anal Sphincter (IAS) keeps both sphincters contacted and the urethra and anal canal empty and closed all the time. Voluntarily or in need with proper social circumstances, controlled by intact healthy CNS, the IUS and/or the IAS relax and the urethra and the anal canal will open to allow pass of urine, flatus and/or feces. The neurotransmitter at the sympathetic nerve endings is nor-epinephrine, which can be d.. View More»
  DOI: 10.35248/2168-9857.19.8.221

  Abstract HTML PDF