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A Commentary on Pulmonary Edema

Mabirsja Kairhdio^{* *}Correspondence: Mabirsja Kairhdio, Department of Cardiology, University of Chakwal, Chakwal, Pakistan, Email:

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Description

Pulmonary edema is also known as pulmonary congestion. A build-up of fluid in your lungs is known as pulmonary edema. It may be difficult for you to breathe as a result of this. Your lungs should fill with air as you take a breath. They fill with fluid instead if you have pulmonary edema. When this happens, oxygen from the air cannot reach your bloodstream, where it is needed. Pulmonary edema occurs when the lungs become distended with fluid. Lung congestion, lung water, and pulmonary congestion are all terms for the same thing. When pulmonary edema develops, the body struggles to acquire adequate oxygen and shortness of breath develops. However, treating pulmonary edema and its underlying cause as soon as feasible can boost the chances of a positive outcome.

Congestive Heart Failure (CHF) is the most common cause of pulmonary edema. Heart failure happens when the heart can no longer pump blood properly throughout the body. This produces a build-up of pressure in the lungs' small blood veins, causing them to leak fluid. The lungs will extract oxygen from the air you breathe and send it into your bloodstream in a healthy body. When fluid fills your lungs, however, they are unable to deliver oxygen to the blood stream. The rest of the body is deprived of oxygen as a result.

This is the excessive liquid collection in the tissue and air passages (typically alveoli) of the lungs. It causes poor gas exchange, which can lead to hypoxemia and respiratory failure.

It occurs when the left ventricle of the heart fails to appropriately remove oxygenated blood from the pulmonary circulation (cardiogenic pulmonary edema), or when lung tissue or blood vessels are injured directly (non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema). When fluid builds up in the lungs air sacs, or alveoli, pulmonary edema develops, making breathing difficult. Gas exchange is obstructed, which can lead to respiratory failure.

The two kinds of pulmonary edema are acute pulmonary edema (sudden onset) and chronic pulmonary edema (occurring more slowly over time). If it's severe, it's a medical emergency that necessitates immediate attention. The most common cause of pulmonary edema is congestive heart failure, which occurs when the heart cannot keep up with the demands of the body.

Cardiogenic and no cardiogenic pulmonary edema are the two types of pulmonary edema. A fast increase in the hydrostatic pressure of the pulmonary capillaries causes cardiogenic or volume overloads pulmonary edema. Acute myocarditis, including other etiologies of non-ischemic cardiomyopathy, acute myocardial infarction), valvular function (aortic/mitral regurgitation and stenosis in the moderate to severe range), and rhythm (atrial fibrillation with a rapid ventricular response, ventricular tachycardia, high degree, and third-degree heart block) are all examples of this.

Non cardiogenic pulmonary edema is induced by a rise in pulmonary vascular permeability, which leads to the migration of protein rich fluid into the alveolar and interstitial compartments. Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) is a condition characterized by acute lung injury and severe hypoxemia. It can occur directly in the lungs, such as pneumonia or inhalational injury, or indirectly, such as sepsis, acute pancreatitis, severe trauma with shock, or multiple blood transfusions.

In all patients with respiratory complaints, auscultation remains the foundation of bedside examination. Hearing fine or coarse crackles in particular is critical for determining the next stages in management. In cardiogenic pulmonary edema, tiny crackles can be heard. They are only heard during the inspiratory phase, when the tiny airways that were closed during expiration suddenly open.