Medicinal & Aromatic Plants

Medicinal & Aromatic Plants
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Review Article - (2014) Volume 3, Issue 4

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A Review of Antidiabetic Potential of Ethnomedicinal Plants

Jeeva S* and Anlin Sheebha Y
Department of Botany, Scott Christian College (Autonomous), Nagercoil, Tamilnadu, India
*Corresponding Author: Jeeva S, Department of Botany, Scott Christian College (Autonomous), Nagercoil, Tamilnadu, India, Tel: +91-9952202112 Email:

Abstract

Objective: Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a common metabolic disorder throughout the world affecting the people
of both developed and developing countries. Diabetes mellitus is caused by the abnormality of carbohydrate
metabolism which is linked to low blood insulin level or insensitivity of target organs to insulin. It leads to
hyperglycemic condition. Several herbs have been known to cure and control diabetes without causing any side effects.
Key findings: The present review is an attempt to list the plants with anti-diabetic activity, originating from
different parts of world. A total of 177 plants belonging to 156 genera and 76 families were described and listed in the review. The plants have been tabulated with botanical, family and medicinal uses.
Conclusions: This study led to the wealth knowledge of traditional medicinal plants that are being used
as a diabetic treatment. The further investigation on these medicinal plants may lead to the discovery of novel
bioactive compounds in the pharmaceutical industry.

Keywords: Diabetes; Hypoglycemic; Anti-diabetic; Antioxidant; Carbohydrate metabolism

Introduction

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a common and epidemic disease affecting the people of both the developed and developing countries. DM is caused by the abnormality or disfunction of carbohydrate metabolism [1]. The food we eat is broken into simple sugar called glucose. Glucose is the main source to get energy for the body. After digestion, it reaches our blood stream and the body cells utilize it for energy. Insulin is very essential for the glucose uptake into the cells. Insulin is a hormone secreted by the pancreas. If the pancreas does not produce enough insulin, glucose get into the body cells so, glucose stays in the blood. This makes the blood as hyperglycemic condition [2].

Symptoms of diabetes

• Fatigue or severe weakness

• Abnormal thirst

• Irritability

• Unexplained weight loss

• Increased hunger

• Recurrent infections

• Blurred vision

• Increased urination and nocturia

In normal individuals, the liver acts a storehouse of carbohydrates and releases glucose whenever the need arises. The pancreas produces insulin, which circulates in the blood and allows the entry of sugar in the cells. It also helps lowering the blood sugar levels. In case of prediabetic patients, the pancreas does not produce enough insulin leading to increased levels of sugar in the blood up to 100-125 mg/dl. Nowadays, Diabetes is ‘killer’ of mankind when compared to the disease like cancer and cardiovascular disease. In India, the number of adults suffering from diabetes is expected to increase in threefold from 19.4 million in 1995 to 57.2 million in 2025 [3]. The three main important classical symptoms of diabetic conditions are, polyuria (frequent urination), polydipsia (increased thirst), and polyphagia (increased hunger) [2].

Classification of Diabetes mellitus

Diabetes have been identified and mainly classified into 3 types

Type I Diabetes

It is also referred as IDDM (Insulin dependent diabetes mellitus or juvenile diabetes). Type I Diabetes results the pancreas (a large gland behind the stomach) fail to produce insulin, without insulin, the body’s cells cannot use glucose (sugar), which the body needs for energy. It begins to burn its own fats as a substitute. The type 1 diabetic patient needs insulin injection every day, to control the glucose level in blood.

Type II Diabetes

It is also referred as NIDDM (Non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus or adult-onset diabetes). Type II DM results from insulin resistance, in which cells fails to use insulin properly. This causes glucose (sugar) to accumulate in the blood stream.

Gestational Diabetes

Gestational Diabetes is a form of diabetes consisting of high blood glucose levels during pregnancy and goes away after the baby is born. It develops towards the middle of the pregnancy as a result of the changes in the mother’s hormones.

To treating the diabetes without any complication or any side effects is a challenging problem in the medical community [4]. For the treatment of diabetes, the traditional medicine is used. More than 1200 plants are used to treat diabetes around the world. About 30% of the traditionally used plants serve as a major source of therapeutic agents for the treatment for diabetes as well as the human disease [5].

Nowadays herbal medicine is an interestingly growing field, because the drugs are having less or no side effects [6]. The treatment of diabetes using the naturally derived agents has more beneficial effects, and does not cause any side effects, or any toxic symptoms. These herbal drugs protect the β-cells during the diabetic condition and reduce the amount of glucose level in the blood [7].

The medicinal plants used on anti diabetic treatments possess pancreatic β-cells regenerating, insulin releasing activity and also fight the problem of Insulin resistance. These herbs also used to increase the insulin secretion, enhancing the glucose uptake by an adipose tissue, and inhibit the glucose absorption from the intestine [1].

Methodology

The study aimed to recollect and record, the information on anti-diabetic plants from the published literature [1,5-128]. All the plants recorded were used for the treatment of diabetes to reduce the hyperglycemic condition. In this review, we have collected about 180 plants which are effective for the reduction of hyperglycemic condition. The plants have been listed in the alphabetic order, family and their reported medicinal uses. Table 1 contains the data about medicinal plants with Antidiabetic Activity.

Botanical name Family  Medicinal uses
Abelmoschus moschatus Medik  Malvaceae Antidiabetic [7]
Abrus precatorius L. Fabaceae Anti diabetic [6]
Acacia Arabica Mimosaceae Hypoglycemic activity [8]
Achiliea santolina Asteraceae Hypoglycemic, antioxidant [9]
Achyranthes aspera L. Amaranthaceae Hypoglycemic effect [10]
Achyrocline satureioides (Lam.) DC. Asteraceae Lowered blood glucose levels, antioxidant [11]
Aconitum carmichaelii Debeaux Ranunculaceae Antidiabetic [5]
Acosmium panamense (Benth.) Yakovlev Leguminosae Lowers the plasma glucose levels [12]
Adhatoda vasica Nees Acanthaceae Antidiabetic [13]
Aegle marmelos (L.) correa Rutaceae Hypoglycaemic effect [14]
Agrimonia eupatoria L.  Rosaceae Antihyperglycemic [15]
Ajuga iva (L.) Schreb. Lamiaceae Use in diabetes mellitus control[16]
Allium cepa (L.) Lilliaceae Antidiabetic, Anti malarial, Antirheumatic, Antibacterial [17]
Allium sativum (L.) Lilliaceae Anti-inflammatory, Anticancer, Rheumatismand Bronchitis [18]
Alnus nepalensis D. Don Betulaceae Hypoglycemic and Spasmogenic [2]
Aloe vera (L.) Burm.f. Asphodelaceae Antidiabetic, cardioprotective activity, hypoglycemic activity [19]
Alstonia scholaris (L.) R. Br. Apocynaceae  Antidiabetic [21]
Andrographis lineate Nees Acanthaceae Control the blood sugar level [6]
Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Nees Acanthaceae Chikenguinea, Swine flu and Typhoid, antidiabetic property [22]
Annona squamosa L. Annonaceae Anti diabetic activity [21]
Areca catechu L. Arecaceae Hypoglycemic [23]
Aristolochia indica L. Aristolochiaceae Reduce the blood glucose level [24]
Artemisia dracunculus L. Asteraceae Hypoglycemic activity [25]
Artemisia herba-alba Asso Asteraceae Reduction in blood glucose level [26]
Artemisia pallens Wall. ex DC Compositae Antidiabetic [5]
Astragalus propinquus Schischkin Leguminosae Decreases the blood glucose concentration [27]
Averrhoa bilimbi L. Oxalidaceae Anti-diabetic [28]
Azadirachta indica A. Juss. Meliaceae Antidiabetic, Antihyperlipidemic, antioxidant [29]
Bambusa nutans Wall. ex Munro Poaceae Hypoglycemic activity [2]
Bauhinia forficate Link Caesalpinaceae Hypoglycemic effect, antioxidant [31]
Bauhinia forficate subsp. pruinosa (vogel) fortunato & Wunderlin Leguminosae Hypoglycemic activity [30]
Beta vulgaris L. Chenopodiaceae Increases glucose tolerance in OGTT [32]
Bidens pilosa L.  Asteraceae Preventing autoimmune diabetes [33]
Biophytum sensitivum (L.) DC. Oxalidaceae Hypoglycemic effect [34]
Bixa orellana L. Bixaceae Decreases blood glucose levels  [35]
Boerhavia diffusa L. Nyctaginaceae Antidiabetic [5]
Bombax ceiba L. Malvaceae Hypoglycemic [36]
Brassica juncea (L.) Czern Brassicaceae Antidiabetic [24]
Bryonia alba L. Cucurbitaceae Restores Metabolic changes induced in diabetes [37]
Butea monosperma (Lam.) Taub. Caesalpinaceae Anti-hyperglycemic [39]
Caesalpinia bonduc (L.) Roxb. Caesalpinaceae Antidiabetic, antihyperlipidemic [40]
Caesalpinia digyna  Rottler Leguminosae Antidiabetic [128]
Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. Papilionaceae Reduction in the serum glucose levels [41]
Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze Theaceae Antidiabetic [5]
Canthium coromandelicum (Burm.f.) Alston Rubiaceae Lower blood glucose levels [6]
Capparis spinosa L. Capparidaceae Decrease the blood glucose level [42]
Capsicum annum L. Solanaceae Antidiabetic [5]
Carum carvi L. Apiaceae Potent anti-hyperglycemic [42]
Casearia esculenta Roxb. Flacourtiaceae Antihyperglycemic activity [43]
Casearia tomentosa Roxb. Meliaceae Antidiabetic [4]
Cassia auriculata (L.) Roxb. Caesalpinaceae Reduction in fasting blood glucose [18]
Cassia fistula L. Caeslpinaceae Diabetes and Liver disorder [2]
Catharanthus roseus ( L.) G. Don Apocynaceae Anti-hyperglycemic [125]
Catharanthus roseus (L)G.Don Apocynaceae Reduced the blood glucose [45]
Chamaecostus cuspidatus (Nees & Mart.) C.D Specht & D.W. Stev. Costaceae Lower blood glucose levels [52]
Chamaemelum nobile (L.) All. Asteraceae Aqueous extract reduces blood glucose level [42]
Cheilocostus speciosus (J.koenig) C.D. specht Costaceae Anti diabetic [6]
Cichorium intybus L. Asteraceae Hypoglycemic effect [28]
Cinnamomum verum  J.Presl Lauraceae Reduced the blood sugar level [126]
Clausena anisata (Willd.) Hook.f. ex Benth. Rutaceae Reduces the  basal blood glucose concentrations [48]
Coccinia grandis (L.) Voigt Cucurbitaceae Hypoglycemic activity [21]
Cogniauxia podoleana Baill. Cucurbitaceae Hypoglycemic [49]
Commelina communis L. Conimelinaceae Anti-hyperglycemic [50]
Coriandrum sativum L. Apiaceae Antihyperglycemic, increases the activity of the beta cells [51]
Croton cajucara Benth. Euphorbiaceae Anti-hyperglycemic [53]
Cuminum cyminum L. Apiaceae Antioxidant, antidiabetic [54] 
Cuminum nigrum L. Apiaceae Hypoglycemic effect, anti-diabetic therapeutic agent [55]
Curcuma longa L. Zingiberaceae Antidiabetic, Antihyperlipidemic, antioxidant [56]
Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub. Fabaceae Antidiabetic [57]
Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. Poaceae Control blood sugar level [21]
Derris scandens (Roxb.) Benth. Fabaceae Antidiabetic [21]
Dichrostachys cinerea ( L.) Wight & Arn. Mimosaceae Antidiabetic [4]
Dioscorea dumetorum (Kunth) Pax  Dioscoreaceae Hypoglycemic effects [58]
Dregea volubilis (L.f.) Benth. ex Hook.f. Asclepiadaceae Anti diabetic [6]
Eclipta prostrate (L.) L. Asteraceae Antihyperglycemic activity [59]
Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn.  Poaceae Antihyperglycemic activity [60]
Embelica officinalis Euphorbiaceae Antidiabetic, Antihyperlipidemic, antioxidant [61]
Enicostema littorale blume Gentianaceae Antidiabetic agent without any toxic effect [62]
Eriobotrya japonica (Thunb.) Lindl. Rosaceae Hypoglycemic [63]
Euphorbia neriifolia L. Euphorbiaceae Controls the blood glucose level [64]
Ficus bengalensis L. Moraceae Antidiabetic [63]
Ficus racemosa L. Moraceae Hypoglycemic activity [64]
Fraxinus excelsior L. Oleaceae Hypoglycemic activity [81]
Galega officinalis L. Fabaceae Antidiabetic [5]
Gandoderma lucidium Ganodermataceae Antidiabetic [5]
Garcinia kola Heckel  Clusiaceae Hypoglycemic effects [58]
Garuga pinnata Roxb. Burseraceae Antidiabetic [24]
Gentiana olivieri Griseb. Gentianaceae Hypoglycemic, anti-hyperlipidemic [65]
Ginkgo biloba L. Ginkgoaceae Hypoglycemic, increases pancreatic beta-cell in NIDDM [66]
Globularia alypum L. Globulariaceae Hypoglycemic, increases plasma insulin levels [67]
Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch. Papilionaceae Decreases the blood glucose levels [68]
Gmelina arborea Roxb. Verbenaceae Antidiabetic [21]
Gongronema latifolium Benth. Asclepiadaceae Antidiabetic, antioxidant [69]
Grewia asiatica L. Malvaceae Antidiabetic [5]
Gymnema nwntanum Hook Asclepiadaceae Antidiabetic [70]
Gymnema sylvestre (Retz.) R.Br. ex Sm. Asclepiadacece Anti-diabetic [71]
Helicteres isora L. Sterculiaceae Use in the treatment of type-2 diabetes [72]
Hemidesmus indicus (L.) R.Br. ex Schult. Asclepiadaceae Antidiabetic [5]
Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. Malvaceae Antiviral, Antidiabetic, Antioxidant [73]
Hintonia latiflora (sesse & Moc. Ex Dc.) Bullock Rubiaceae Anti-hyperglycemic [74]
Hypoxis hemerocallidea Fisch., C.A. Mey. & Ave–Lall. Hypoxidaceae Hypoglycemic activity [75]
Ibervillea sonorae ( S. Watson) Greene Cucurbitaceae Acute and chronic hypoglycemic [76]
Ipomoea aquatica Forsck. Convolvulaceae Hypoglycemic [77]
Justicia tranquebarienis L.f. Acanthaceae Control the blood sugar level [78]
Kalopanax pictus (Thunb.) Nakai Araliaceae Anti-diabetic activity, hypocholesterolmic and hypolipidemic [79]
Lagerstroemia speciosa (L.) Pers. Lythraceae Reduction in the blood glucose levels [80]
Lantana camara L. Verbenaceae Anti hyperglycemic activity [24]
Lathyrus japonicus Willd. Fabaceae Antidiabetic [5]
Lawsonia inermis L. Lythraceae Antidiabetic [24]
Lepidium sativum L. Brassicaceae Hypoglycemic activity [42]
Madhuca longifolia (J. koenig ex L.) J.F. Macbr. Sapotaceae Maintaining normal blood sugar level [21]
Mallotus philippensis (Lam.) Mull.Arg. Euphorbiaceae Antidiabetic [4]
Mangifera indica L. Anacardiaceae Hypoglycemic activity [82]
Medicago sativa L. Fabaceae Anti-hyperglycemic [83]
Memecylon umbellatum Burm.f. Melastomataceae Anti hyperglycemic activity [6]
Momordica charantia L. Cucurbitaceae Hypoglycemic effect [84]
Morinda lucida Benth. Rubiaceae Anti-diabetic effect [85]
Morus alba L. Moraceae Protects pancreatic beta cells from degeneration [1]
Morus indica L. Moraceae Hypoglycemic [1]
Morus insignis Bureau Moraceae Hypoglycemic [1]
Morus rubra L. Moraceae Antibacterial, hypoglycemic [86]
Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC. Fabaceae Anti diabetic activity [21]
Murraya koenigii (L.) Spreng. Rutaceae Hypoglycemic [87]
Musa paradisiacal L. Musaceae Reduces diabetes [24]
Myrcia uniflora Barb. Rodr. Myricaceae Used for treatment of diabetes [88]
Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. Neluntbonaceae Improves glucose tolerance [1]
Nephoelepsis tuberose Oleandraceae Antidiabetic [5]
Nigella sativa L. Ranunculaceae Reduces the  levels of blood glucose, antidiabetic activity [89]
Ocimum gratissimum L.  Lamiaceae Hypoglycemic [90]
Origanum vulgare L. Lamiaceae Anti-hyperglycemic activity [91]
Otholobium pubescens (Poir.) J.W. Grimes Papilionaceae Hypoglycemic effect [92]
Paeonia lactiflora Pall. Paeoniaceae Blood sugar lowering effect [93]
Panax ginseng C. A. Mey Araliaceae Antihyperglycemic activity [94]
Pandanus odorus Ridl. Pandanaceae Hypoglycemic, increases serum insulin levels [95]
Parmentieru edulis A.DC Bignoniaceae Hypoglycemic [96]
Phyllanthus amarus Schumach & Thonn. Euphorbiaceae Anti-oxidant activity, reduces the blood sugar [97]
Plantago ovata Forssk Plantaginaceae Antidiabetic [5]
Polygala elongata Klein ex Willd. Polygalaceae Reduce blood glucose level [78]
Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre Fabaceae Antidiabetic [4]
Psacalium decompositum (A.Gray) H.Rob. & Brettell Asteraceae Hypoglycemic [98]
Psacalium peltatum (Kunth) Cass. Asteraceae Anti-hyperglycemic [99]
Psidium guajava L. Myrtaceae Hypoglycemic activity [100]
Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb. Fabaceae Antidiabetic [5]
Retama raetam (Forssk.) Webb Papilionaceae Hypoglycemic effect [101]
Salacia reticulata Wight Celastraceae Used for the prevention of diabetes [102]
Sambucus nigra L. Adoxaceae Insulin-releasing and insulin-like activity [103]
Sanguis draxonis Apocynaceae Increase insulin sensitivity [104]
Sclerocarya birrea (A.Rich.) Anacardiaceae Hypoglycemic [105]
Scoparia dulcis L. Scrophariaceae Hypoglycemic, antidiabetic [106]
Senna occidentalis (L.) Link Caeslpinaceae Hypoglycemic activity [24]
Senna sophera (L.) Roxb Caeslpinaceae Anti diabetic [24]
Senna tora (L.) Roxb. Caeslpinaceae Anti diabetic [24]
Sida cordifolia L. Malvaceae Anti-cholesterolemia, Antidiabetic, Anti-hyperlipidemia [107]
Sideroxylon obtusifolium (Roem & Schult.) T.D. Penn. Sapotaceae Hypoglycemic activity, anti inflammatory activity [38]
Solaria oblonga Celastraceae Hypoglycemic and possess anti-oxidant activity [108]
Spergularia purpurea (Pers.) G. Don Caryophyllaceae Hypoglycemic effect [109]
Suaeda vermiculata Forssk. ex. J.F. Gmel  Chenopodiaceae Hypoglycemic effect [110]
Swertia chirayita (Roxb) Gentianaceae Stimulates insulin release from islets [111]
Syzygium alternifolium (Wight) Walp.  Myrtaceae Hypoglycemic, antihyperglycemic and antihyperlipidemic [112]
Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels Myrtaceae Anti-hyperglycemic [86]
Tamarindus indica L. Caesalpinaceae Used to treat  mild diabetic (MD)[114]
Telfairia occidentalis Hook.f. Cucurbitaceae Hypoglycemic activity [115]
Terminalia arjuna (Roxb. Ex DC.) Wight & Arn. Combretaceae Antidiabetic activity [116]
Terminalia bellirica (Gaertn.) Roxb. Combretaceae Stimulates insulin secretion [117]
Terminalia chebula Retz. Combretaceae Antidiabetic, increases insulin releasefrom the pancreatic islets [118]
Tetraena gaetula (Emb. & Maire) Beier & Thulin Zygophyllaceae Hypoglycemic [1]
Teucrium polium L. Lamiaceae Increases insulin release, antioxidant and hypoglycemic [119]
Tinospora crispa (L) Hook. f. & Thomson Menispermaceae Anti-hyperglycemic, stimulates insulin release from islets [121]
Tinospora sinensis (Lour.) Merr. Menispermaceae Antidiabetic, Antihyperlipidemic, antioxidant [120]
Trigonella foenum -graecum L.  Papilionaceae Decrease in the blood glucose levels [122]
Urtica dioica L. Urticaceae Anti-hyperglycemic [123]
Urtica pilulifera L. Urticaceae Hypoglycemic [124]
Withania coagulans Dunal Solanaceae Anti hyperglycemic [1]
Withania somnifera (L) Dunal Solanaceae Hypoglycemic [126]
Zizyphus sativa Gaertn Rhamnaceae Hypoglycemic [127]
Zizyphus spina-christi L. Rhamnaceae Hypoglycemic [1]

Table 1: Medicinal plants with antidiabetic and their reported effect.

Conclusion

Herbal medicines can be used for healing purposes and to promote wellness and are powerful nutritional agents that support the body naturally to produce immunity against harmful diseases. They promote health and serve as excellent healing agents without side effects. A total of 177 plants belonging to 156 genera and 76 families were identified, which are being used for the treatment of diabetes. Identifying more number of medicinal plants to cure diabetes is highly beneficial and useful in the modern era. Curing the diabetes without any side effects is possible in traditional medicine by using plants. From this review, it is clear that the medicinal plants play a main important role in pharmaceutical industry to treat diseases without any side effects.From the review it is concluded that, the medicinal plants, which possess anti-diabetic activity is more abundant in nature. More investigations are needed to analyze the mechanism of action of the compounds and standardization of herbal drugs using different models and this in turn would be useful to provide many links to develop various kinds of anti diabetic drugs in low cost.

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest to disclose.

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Citation: Jeeva S, Anlin Sheebha Y (2014) A Review of Antidiabetic Potential of Ethnomedicinal Plants. Med Aromat Plants 3:165.

Copyright: © 2014 Jeeva S, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
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