Anatomy & Physiology: Current Research
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A Short Note on Cardiac Surgery

Pedada Akhil^{* *}Correspondence: Pedada Akhil, Department of Medical Science, Kyrgyz-Russian Slavic University, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, Email:

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Description

Human cardiac surgery often known as cardiovascular surgery, which is done on the heart or major blood arteries. It is frequently used to treat ischemic heart disease consequences (for example, with coronary artery bypass grafting); to repair congenital heart disease; or to treat valvular heart disease caused by a variety of conditions such as endocarditis, rheumatic heart disease, and atherosclerosis. Heart transplantation is also included. There are different types of surgeries which include:

Open heart surgery

Any type of surgery in which a surgeon makes a major incision (cut) in the chest to expose the rib cage and operate on the heart is considered as open-heart surgery. The term "open" refers to the chest rather than the heart. The surgeon may potentially open the heart depending on the type of operation.

Procedures involving the opening of the patient's heart might be conducted more effectively in a bloodless and immobile environment. As a result, during such operation, the heart is momentarily halted and the patient is placed on cardiopulmonary bypass, which means that a machine pumps their blood and oxygen. Because the machine cannot work in the same manner as the heart, so it limits the amount of time a patient spends on it.

Modern cardiothoracic surgery

Surgeons began performing off-pump coronary artery bypass without cardiopulmonary bypass in the early 1990s. The heart continues to beat throughout surgery, but it is stabilised to offer a nearly motionless work area in which to attach a conduit channel that bypasses a blockage. The Saphenous vein is a commonly utilised conduit channel. This vein is taken using an Endoscopic Vessel Harvesting (EVH).

The operation is commonly performed to treat Coronary Artery Disease (CAD), a condition in which a plaque-like material accumulates in the coronary artery, the major channel bringing oxygen-rich blood to the heart. This can result in a blockage and/or a rupture, both of which can result in a heart attack.

Minimally invasive surgery

An endoscopic method, which involves creating extremely small incisions through which a camera and specialised instruments are placed, is an alternative to open-heart surgery, which includes a five to eight inch incision in the chest wall.

Insertion of a pacemaker or Implanted Cardioverter-Defibrillator (ICD)

Medicine is often the first line of treatment for arrhythmia, a disorder in which the heart beats too quickly, too slowly, or in an irregular rhythm. If medicine is ineffective, a surgeon may implant a pacemaker beneath the skin of the chest or belly, with wires connecting it to the heart chambers. When a sensor identifies an aberrant cardiac rhythm, the gadget utilises electrical pulses to regulate it. When an ICD identifies a hazardous arrhythmia, it provides an electric shock to restore a normal rhythm.

Repair or replacement of a heart valve

Surgeons either repair or replace the valve with an artificial or biological valve produced from pig, cow, or human heart tissue. One approach for repair is to implant a catheter through a big blood artery, guide it to the heart, then inflate and deflate a tiny balloon at the catheter's tip to enlarge a narrow valve.

Repair of an aneurysm

To repair a balloon-like bulge in the artery or wall of the heart muscle, a weak piece of the artery or heart wall is replaced with a patch or graft.

Heart transplantation

The damaged heart is removed and replaced with a healthy heart from an unknown deceased donor.

Implantation of a Ventricular Assist Device (VAD) or a Totally Artificial Heart (TAH)

A VAD is a mechanical pump that helps the heart and blood circulate. A TAH is a device that replaces the two bottom chambers of the heart.