Poultry, Fisheries & Wildlife Sciences
Open Access

Age and Growth of Commercially Exploited Fish Species, Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758) from the Tributary of the Ganga River, India

Neeti Mishra^1* and Amitabh Chandra Dwivedi^{2 *}Correspondence: Neeti Mishra, Kalash Research and Welfare Society, Prayagraj-211002, Uttar Pradesh, India, Email:

Author info »

Introduction

The age and growth studies of fishes within sexes (e.g. male and female) are consequently essential in assessing population characteristics that can impact the productivity of an ecosystem, food web structure of the water body and management of fisheries [1-3]. Accurate fish growth rates are important for growth analysis, age structure analysis and estimation of mortality rate [4-6]. The information of fish growth increment is also necessary to perceptive a species life history, reproductive biology, population dynamics, biomass and fisheries sustainability [7,8]. Growth is a complex mechanism, which represents the outcome of the interactions among several biotic and abiotic factors operating on behavioural and physiological processes [9-11]. The age and growth parameters of the fish in entirely different habitats would have different length distributions, age composition and growth rates [3,12-15].

In general, Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus is eminent for their plasticity in survival (Example due to its ability to tolerate a wide range of environmental conditions and ability to feed at different trophic levels), feeding nature, fast growth, tolerance, high resistance to diseases, ease of breeding and size-at first maturity [16-20]. They have ability to invasion in any fresh water ecosystem and become powerfully established in non-native ecosystem or introduced ecosystem but also allow them an excellent aquaculture species with other indigenous carps, sport fishing and stock enhancement [10,21-25]. After introduction or invasion in any ecosystem, O. niloticus have a tendency to out-compete native species for habitat (example space), dissolved oxygen, food especially natural food and spawning grounds [26-29].

O. niloticus is a great economical importance species and significant role in the tropical and subtropical aquatic ecosystems [30-35]. These characteristics make possible it to be a pioneer species that can flourish in various ecosystems such as lakes, estuaries and rivers [22,36-39]. O. niloticus is a most common invader worldwide [40-42] and has become the dominant species (by catch or landing) in many rivers of the Ganga River system, India [35,43]. O. niloticus niche overlap to Cirrhinus mrigala and C. carpio, Nile tilapia tends to quickly gain the competitive advantage because of its hardy nature and feeding plasticity due to these features, it is dominated to other fishes from the Ganga River system. Thus, the present study has been conducted to unravel the age, growth and age composition of O. niloticus from the Tons River, which is entirely very new home for the fish. The study would help the fishery managers and planners in management of the riverine fisheries.

Materials and Methods

The Tons River is essentially a hilly stream water body arising in the Kaimur hills of the Vindhyan range, India. It banks are lined by deep ravines and the bed is rocky. The Tons River lies between latitude 2400’-25016’54” North and longitude 80026’45”- 82004’57” East. The sample was collected during February 2019 to 2020 January from Sirsa fish landing centre at Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh, India. Fishes were collected using a variety of methods including gill nets, drag nets, cast nets and hook and lines. Samples of scales from 683 specimens in the length ranges between 82-463 mm were examined for determination of age composition, age and growth from the Tons River at Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh, India.

Scales were used to estimate O. niloticus age. They were the easiest to prepare and the use of scales would provide greater accuracy. The total length of each fish (in mm, from the tip of snout and the end of longest caudal fin rays) was measured and recorded. The Key scales were collected from the region just below the dorsal fin (3-4 rows) above the lateral line and were thoroughly washed in tap water until all extra matter got completely removed and mounted intact in between two glass plates. The ring formation was determined according to the criterion suggested by [6,13,44,45]. Almost all the annuli, except the one, appeared as light relatively transparent bands, concentrically arranged around the whole of the anterior sculptured part of the scales. Annual ring formation was recorded in the present fish. Ring 1, 2 and 3…… were denoted to 1+, 2+ and 3+…. age of the fishes.

Results and Discussion

In the present study, scales were used for age determination and by using the readings of its annual growth rings and it were found that the longevity of O. niloticus attained 7+years from the Tons River at Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh, India. The age composition of O. niloticus varied from 0+ to 7+age group in case of male fishes while 0+ to 6+age group was recorded in female fishes. The maximum growth increment was recorded during first year of life and showing a gradual decrease in growth as the fish got older (Tables 1-3).

Table 1: Age and growth of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus from the Tons River at Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh (Male samples).

Table 2: Age and growth of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus from the Tons River at Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh (Female samples).

Table 3: Age and growth of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus from the Tons River at Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh (Pooled samples).

Pooled samples

On the basis of pooled sampled specimen in the length ranges from 83-463 mm showed that the fish attained the mean length 159 mm in 1+, 237 mm in 2+, 309 mm in 3+, 357 mm in 4+, 394 mm in 5+, 429 mm in 6+ and 455 mm in 7+ age groups. The growth increments in O. niloticus was observed as 159 mm, 78 mm, 72 mm, 48 mm, 37 mm, 35 mm and 26 mm for 1+ to 7+ age groups, respectively. The slow growth increment observed after first year may be attributed to the maturity attained within first year of life. It is well known that the growth potential is used for the gonad development. The growth percentage varied from age to age in the pooled samples (Table 1). The growth increment percentage varied from age to age in the pooled samples (Figure 1).

Figure 1: Growth increment % of pooled samples of Oreochromis niloticus from the Tons River at Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh, India.

Male and female samples

Total length of males ranged from 82-463 cm and females from 34- 66 cm. The maximum increase in length was noted during the first year of life and showing a gradual decrease in growth as the fish got older. Male growth was recorded slower compared to female in first year of the life cycle of O. niloticus (Tables 2 and 3). The minimum growth increment was recorded during the seven year of the life cycle in case of male while in case of female during the six year of the life cycle. In case of male fishes, the growth increments of O. niloticus was observed as 154 mm, 87 mm, 72 mm, 46 mm, 38 mm, 37 mm and 21 mm for 1+ to 7+ age groups, respectively while in case of female fishes, the growth increments in O. niloticus was reported as 168 mm, 67 mm, 66 mm, 48 mm, 37 mm and 32 mm for 1+ to 6+ age groups, respectively (Tables 2 and 3). Female O. niloticus was not appeared to live longer than 6 years. The present observations also indicated that the aquatic environment of the Tons River at Prayagraj was most favorable for O. niloticus due to fast growth increment. The growth percentage varied from age to age in the male and female both samples. The maximum growth percentage was recorded in 1+ age group with 33.85% in case of male while growth percentage was increased in 1+ age group upto 40.19% in case of female (Figure 2). The mean length of all males and females was significantly different.

Figure 2: Growth increment % of male and female samples of Oreochromis niloticus from the Tons River at Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh, India.
Note:

The study of age and growth is highly required to get a status of stock population, recruitment pattern and status of fish health (example maximum length and weight, maximum age) in the ecosystem. Age composition or longevity of O. niloticus varies at different regions and different ecosystems year to year [45-47]. These significant variations are due to the changes in the fishing technique, mesh size of nets and efforts, and exploitation rate and natural mortality of the fishery resources, as well as, over fishing throughout the past and present times [47-49]. Gomez-Marquez et al., observed age of O. niloticus from lake Nabugado ranged from 0 to 8 years in males and 0 to 7 years in females while lake Wamala ranged from 1.5 to 5 years for males and 1.5 to 6.5 years for females [46]. It was found that; O. niloticus from El-Bahr El-Faraouny Canal has a relatively lower longevity, as they attained 6 years old only [50]. Bwanika et al., reported higher mean length of 16.96 cm in 1+, 24.33 cm in 2+, 31.12 cm in 3+, 36.44 cm in 4+, 40.54 cm in 5+ and 43.50 cm in 6+ age group from the Yamuna River at Allahabad (now Prayagraj) [45].

Current growth of the combined O. niloticus (Tons River) populations was more or less similar reported by Bwanika et al., from the Yamuna River at Allahabad (now Prayagraj) [45]. El-Kasheif et al. observed slow growth increment 10.61 cm in 1+, 12.43 cm in 2+ and 13.46 cm in 2.5+ age groups compared to present findings from tropical shallow lakes in Mexico [47]. Growth of the combined O. niloticus (Tons River) populations was greater than from the shallow lakes in Mexico observed by [47]. Growth rate may be strongly temperature-dependant and, by inference, latitudinally dependent, although carp growth may also be depressed by increasing salinity [3,51-53]. Dwivedi AC and Nautiyal P reported only 4+ year old (ranged in size from 41.3-400.0 mm total length) O. niloticus in coastal Mississippi, USA [7]. The maximum age estimated for O. niloticus in Lake Tana, Ethiopia was 14.3 years [54]. The variation in the findings between the present study and the previous may be due to many reasons as like: water temperature, function of ecosystem, densities of fishes, localities and food supply. The growth of fishes is affected by environmental quality, changes in food availability, seasonality and breeding season [55,56]. The fishing pressures also affect the growth of fish [57-61].

Conclusion

In the present study, scales were used for age determination and by using the readings of its annual growth rings and it were found that the longevity of O. niloticus attained 7+years from the Tons River at Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh, India. The maximum growth increment was recorded during first year of life cycle and showing a gradual decrease in growth as the fish got older. The minimum growth increment was recorded during the seven year of the life cycle. On the basis of pooled sampled specimen in the length ranges from 83 to 463 mm showed that the fish attained the mean length 159 mm in 1+, 237 mm in 2+, 309 mm in 3+, 357 mm in 4+, 394 mm in 5+, 429 mm in 6+ and 455 mm in 7+ age groups. The growth increments in O. niloticus was observed as 159 mm, 78 mm, 72 mm, 48 mm, 37 mm, 35 mm and 26 mm for 1+ to 7+ age groups, respectively. The slow growth increment observed after first year may be attributed to the maturity attained within first year of life. It is well known that the growth potential is used for the gonad development. The growth percentage varied from age to age in the male, female and pooled samples.

References

1. Hilborn R, Walters CJ. Quantitative fisheries stock assessment: choice, dynamics and uncertainty. Springer, New York, 2013.
2. Ujjania NC, Sharma LL, Srivastava RM. Assessment of age and growth of exotic fish tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus P.) in lake Jaisamand India. Indian J Fund Appli Sci. 2013;3:27-34.
3. Mishra N, Dwivedi AC, Mayank P. Invasion potential, impact and population structure of non-native fish species, Cyprinus carpio (Linnaeus, 1758) from the tributary of the Ganga River, Central India. Aqua Fish Stu. 2021;3(3):1-4.
4. Dwivedi AC. Age structure of some commercially exploited fish stocks of the Ganga river system (Banda-Mirzapur section). Thesis submitted to Department of Zoology, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj, (Uttar Pradesh). 2006:138.
5. Vilizzi L, Copp GH. Global patterns and clines in the growth of common carp Cyprinus carpio. J Fish Biol. 2017;91:3-40.
6. Dwivedi AC, Misra PM, Prakash S, Mishra AS. Study on age and growth of Indian Major carp (Labeo rohita) from the Ganga River. J Kris Vig. 2020;9(si):276-279.
7. Grammer GL, Slack WT, Peterson MS, Dugo MA. Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758) establishment in temperate Mississippi, USA: multi-year survival confirmed by otolith ages. Aqua Invas. 2012;7(3):367-376.
8. Dwivedi AC, Nautiyal P. Age and growth increment of Labeo calbasu (Hamilton 1822) from the Vindhyan region, Central India. Int J Aquacult Fish Sci. 2021 May 13;7(2):10-13.
9. Admassu D, Casselman JM. Otolith age determination for adult tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus L. from Lake Awassa (Ethiopian Rift Valley) by interpreting biannuli and differentiating biannual recruitment. Hydrobio. 2000;418(1):15-24.
10. Tiwari A, Dwivedi AC, Mayank P. Time scale changes in the water quality of the Ganga River, India and estimation of suitability for exotic and hardy fishes. Hydro Curr Res. 2016;7(3):254.
11. Mishra N, Dwivedi AC. Environmental derivers supports to distribution, composition and biology of Cyprinus carpio (Linnaeus, 1758) in respect of time scale: A review. J Kalas Sci. 2020;8(2):91-102.
12. Tempero GW, Ling N, Hicks BJ, Osborne MW. Age composition, growth, and reproduction of koi carp (Cyprinus carpio) in the lower Waikato region, New Zealand. New Zealand J Mari Fresh Res. 2006;40(4):571-583.
13. Pathak RK, Gopesh A, Dwivedi AC, Joshi KD. Age and growth of alien fish species, Cyprinus carpio var. communis (Common carp) in the lower stretch of the Yamuna river at Allahabad. National Academy Science Letters. 2014;37(5):419-22.
14. Mayank P, Tyagi RK, Dwivedi AC. Studies on age, growth and age composition of commercially important fish species, Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton, 1822) from the tributary of the Ganga river, India. European J Exp Bio. 2015;5(2):16-21.
15. Dwivedi AC, Mishra N. Age structure of non-native fish species, Cyprinus carpio (Linnaeus, 1758) from the tributary of the Ganga river, India. J Aqua  Mari Bio. 2021;10:76-79.
16. Zambrano L, Martínez-Meyer E, Menezes N, Peterson AT. Invasive potential of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) and Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) in American freshwater systems. Canad J Fish Aqua Sci. 2006;63(9):1903-1910.
17. Absar A, Chadha NK, Joshi KD, Chakraborty SK, Sawant PB, Kumar T, et al. Maturation profile and fecundity of the exotic Oreochromis niloticus in the River Yamuna, India. J Environ Bio. 2015;36(4):927-31.
18. Tripathi SA, Gopesh A, Dwivedi AC. Framework and sustainable audit for the assessing of the Ganga river ecosystem health at Allahabad, India. Asian J Environ Sci. 2017(1):37-42.
19. Dwivedi AC, Tiwari A, Mayank P. Environmental pollution supports to constancy and invader potential of Cyprinus carpio and Oreochromis niloticus from the Ganga river, India. Inter J Poult Fish Sci. 2018;2(2):1-7.
20. Beaune D, Guillard J, Cottet M, Kue K, Laë R, Chanudet V, et al. Investigating key biological parameters of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L.) in a large Asian reservoir to better develop sustainable fisheries. Hydroécol Appliq. 2020.
21. Canonico GC, Arthington A, McCrary JK, Thieme ML. The effects of introduced tilapias on native biodiversity. Aqua Cons Mari Freshwat Ecosys. 2005;15(5):463-483.
22. Ishikawa T, Shimose T, Tachihara K. Life history of an invasive and unexploited population of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and geographical variation across its native and non-native ranges. Environmental Biology of Fishes. 2013 May;96(5):603-616.
23. Abarike ED, Ampofo-Yeboah A. Reproductive potential of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus Linnaeus, 1757) in the Golinga reservoir in Ghana. Inter J Fish Aqua Stud. 2016; 4(5): 279-283.
24. Dwivedi AC, Mayank P. Suitability of ecosystem determination through biology and marketing of exotic fish species, Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1757) from the Ganga River, India. J Aquatic Res Marine Sci. 2018;1(2):69-75.
25. Nautiyal P, Dwivedi AC. Fishery in the tributaries of Yamuna river (Ken river, Paisuni river) and Ganga river (Tons river). J Moun Res. 2019;14(2):19-36.
26. Teferi Y, Admassu D, Mengistou S. Breeding season, maturation and fecundity of Oreochromis niloticus L.(Pisces: Cichlidae) in Lake Chamo, Ethiopia. SINET: Ethiop J Sci. 2001;24(2):255-264.
27. Peña-Mendoza B, Gómez-Márquez JL, Salgado-Ugarte IH, Ramírez-Noguera D. Reproductive biology of Oreochromis niloticus (Perciformes: Cichlidae) at Emiliano Zapata dam, Morelos, Mexico. Revista De Biolo Trop. 2005;53(3-4):515-522.
28. Mehak A, Mu Y, Mohsin M, Noman M, Nazir K. Population dynamics of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) at Chashma Barrage, Pakistan. Indian J Geo-Mari Sci. 2017; 46(01):206-210.
29. Dwivedi AC, Mayank P, Tiwari A. The River as transformed by human activities: the rise of the invader potential of Cyprinus carpio and Oreochromis niloticus from the Yamuna River, India. J Earth Sci  Clim Chan. 2016;7(7):361.
30. Bucur C, Costache M, Oprea D, Nino M. Studies and Observations on the Spawning of Oreochromis niloticus Species Reared at SCDP Nucet-Dambovita. Scienti Pape Ani Sci Biotech. 2012;45(2):1-6.
31. Tsungai AZ, Robertson, MP, Booth, AJ. Chimimba, CT. A qualitative ecological risk assessment of the invasive Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus in a sub-tropical African river system (Limpopo River, South Africa). Aqua Conser Mari Freshwa Ecosys. 2013; 23 (1), 51–64.
32. Dwivedi AC, Mishra AS, Mayank P, Tiwari A. Persistence and structure of the fish assemblage from the Ganga river (Kanpur to Varanasi section), India. J Geo Nat Disas. 2016:6(159).
33. Kour R, Bhatia S, Sharma KK. Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) as a successful biological invader in Jammu (J & K) and its impacts on native ecosystem. Int J Inter Multidiscip Stud. 2014;1(10):1-5.
34. Mayank P, Dwivedi AC. Stock assessment and population structure of alien fish species, Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus) from the lower stretch of the Yamuna river, India. J Exp Zoo India. 2016;19(1):163-167.
35. Mayank P, Dwivedi AC. Resource use efficiency and invasive potential of non-native fish species, Oreochromis niloticus from the Paisuni River, India. Poult Fisher Wildli Sci. 2017;5(1).
36. Figueredo CC, Giani A. Ecological interactions between Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus, L.) and the phytoplanktonic community of the Furnas Reservoir (Brazil). Freshwa Bio. 2005;50(8):1391-1403.
37. Mayank P, Dwivedi AC. Biology of Cirrhinus mrigala and Oreochromis niloticus. LAP. 2015.
38. Zengeya TA, Robertson MP, Booth AJ, Chimimba CT. Ecological niche modeling of the invasive potential of Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus in African river systems: concerns and implications for the conservation of indigenous congenerics. Biolog Invas. 2013;15(7):1507-1521.
39. Gu DE, Mu XD, Xu M, Luo D, Wei H, Li YY, et al. Identification of wild tilapia species in the main rivers of south China using mitochondrial control region sequence and morphology. Biochem System Eco. 2016;65:100-107.
40. Gu DE, Luo D, Xu M, Ma GM, Mu XD, Luo JR, et al. Species diversity defends against the invasion of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Knowl Manag Aquat Ecosyst., 2014;414:07
41. Hu YC. The common alien aquatic species in China. Beijing, China: Science Press. 2015.
42. Mayank P, Dwivedi AC. Population structure of alien fish species, Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus 1758) from lower stretch of the Yamuna river, India. J Kalash Sci. 2015;3(1):35-40.
43. Dwivedi AC, Khan S, Mayank P. Stressors altering the size and age of Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton, 1822) from the Ghaghara River, India. OFOAJ. 2017;39:42.
44. Bagenal TB, Tesch FW. Age and growth. In: Bagenal TB (ed) Methods for assessment of fish production in freshwater, 3rd edn. Blackwell Scientific Publication, Oxford, UK. 1978:101-136.
45. Mayank P, Dwivedi AC, Pathak RK. Age, growth and age pyramid of exotic fish species Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus 1758) from the lower stretch of the Yamuna river, India. Natl Acad Sci Lett. 2018;41(6):345-348.
46. Bwanika GN, Murie DJ, Chapman LJ. Comparative age and growth of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L.) in lakes Nabugabo and Wamala, Uganda. Hydrobiolo. 2007;589(1):287-301.
47. Gómez-Márquez JL, Peña-Mendoza B, Salgado-Ugarte IH, Arredondo-Figueroa JL. Age and growth of the tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (Perciformes: Cichlidae) from a tropical shallow lake in Mexico. Rev Biol Trop. 2008;56(2):875-884.
48. El-Kasheif M, Authman M, Ibrahim S. Study of age, growth and some population dynamics aspects of the Nile Cyprinidae fish, Labeo niloticus, from the River Nile at El-Kanater El-Khyria, Egypt. Catrina: The Int J Environ Sci. 200;2(1):7-21.
49. Authman MM, El-Kasheif MA, Shalloof KA. Evaluation and management of the fisheries of Tilapia species in Damietta Branch of the River Nile, Egypt. World J Fish Mar Sci. 2009;1:167-84.
50. El-Kasheif MA, Authman MM, Al-Ghamdi FA, Ibrahim SA, El-Far AM. Biological aspects and fisheries management of tilapia fish Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758) in El-Bahr El-Faraouny canal, al-minufiya province, Egypt. J Fisher Aqua Sci. 2015;10(6):405.
51. Wang JQ, Lui H, Po H, Fan L. Influence of salinity on food consumption, growth and energy conversion efficiency of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) fingerlings. Aquacult. 1997;148(2-3):115-24.
52. Nautiyal P, Dwivedi AC. Growth rate determination of the endangered Mahseer, Tor tor (Hamilton 1822) from the Bundelkhand region, Central India. J Fish Res 2020. 4 (2):7-11.
53. Dwivedi AC, Nautiyal P. Age and growth increment of Labeo calbasu (Hamilton 1822) from the Vindhyan region, Central India. Int J Aquacult Fish Sci. 202;7(2):10-13.
54. Degsera A, Minwyelet M, Yosef T. Age and growth of Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758) from Lake Tana, Ethiopia. Afri J Aqua Sci. 2020; 45(4):509-19.
55. Tripathi S, Gopesh A, Joshi KD, Dwivedi AC, Mayank P. Studies on feeding behaviour of Labeo bata (Hamilton, 1822) from the lower stretch of the Yamuna river, Uttar Pradesh. J Kalas Sci. 2013:49-52.
56. Yongo E, Outa N, Kito K, Matsushita Y. Studies on the biology of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) in Lake Victoria, Kenya: In light of intense fishing pressure. Afri J Aqua Sci. 2018;43(2):195-198.
57. Ojuok JE, Njiru M, Ntiba MJ, Mavuti KM. The effect of overfishing on the life-history strategies of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.) in the Nyanza Gulf of Lake Victoria, Kenya. Aquat Ecosyst Health Manag. 2007;10(4):443-448.
58. Dwivedi AC, Nautiyal P. Stock assessment of fish species Labeo rohita, Tor tor and Labeo calbasu in the rivers of Vindhyan region, India. J Environ Biol. 2012;33(2):261-264.
59. Njiru M, Okeyo-Owuor JB, Muchiri M, Cowx IG, Van der Knaap M. Changes in population characteristics and diet of Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus (L.) from Nyanza Gulf of Lake Victoria, Kenya: what are the management options. Aquat Ecosyst Health Manag. 2007;10(4):434-442.
60. Mayank P, Rizvi AF, Dwivedi AC. Population dynamics of Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton 1822) from the largest tributary of the Ganga River, India. Int J Fauna Biol Stud. 2017;4(4):42-47.
61. Dwivedi AC, Mishra AS, Mayank P, Tripathi S, Tiwari A. Resource use Competence and Invader Potential of Cyprinus carpio from the Paisuni River at Bundelkhand region, India. J Nehru Gram Bharati Uni. 2019;8(01):20-29.