Aim and Objectives

Aim: To evaluate the prevalence and incidence of different types of cancer in radiotherapy department, government general hospital, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh.

Objective: There is no huge number of studies conducted [1,2] on epidemiology of cancers this main point is considered for the conductance of our study and this helps to people for the further conductance of studies and gives brief idea about prevalence and predominance of cancers. To rule out leading site of cancers. To evaluate the types of cancers are more predominant was explained based on age, area, gender in both males and females [3].

Study site: A non-experimental prospective observational study was conducted in radiotherapy department, government general hospital, Andhra Pradesh.

Study duration: The study was carried out between December 2016 and May 2017.

Study design: A non -experimental prospective observational study.

Plan of work: The work is planned to carry out as follows:

1. To include all types of cancer patients.

2. To design a patient data collection form.

3. To collect all the data required for the study.

4. To counsel the patients regarding the usage and effects of medications.

Study site

A non-experimental prospective observational study was conducted on head and neck cancer patients in radiotherapy department, government general hospital, Andhra Pradesh [4].

Study duration: The study was carried out between December 2016 and May 2017.

Inclusion criteria:

1. A patient who suffers from particular one type of cancers but not metastatic cancer patients because cancers which are included in the study may occurs from other site of cancers; for example lung cancer may occur due to cervix cancer because metastasis leads due to spread of cancers to the lungs as secondary cancer [5].

2. Occurrence of cancers are affected by age, gender, area and which helps us to evaluate which age, gender and area people are most affected to particular type of cancers.

3. Consented males and females above age 18 years are included in the study because most of the patients comes to radiotherapy department are above 21 years and mostly affected [6] people are above 30 years.

4. Consented males and females above 18 years are having social habits like alcohol and smoking [7] this will help us to assess causes of the cancers and the other type of causes like oral sex is also one of the most important for occurrence of squamous carcinoma of head and neck. So in order to rule out all these especially males and females above 18 are included [8].

Exclusion criteria:

1. Patients who suffered from complications of cancers.

2. Patients with head and neck cancer under 18 years are excluded.

3. Female patients with pregnancy are excluded.

4. Patients with severe heart disease and lung disease are excluded [9].

Figure 1 is based on age wise distribution of cancer this clearly shows that the people of age groups 31-40 is highly affected by cancers i.e. 113% and second most affected people are in the age group of 51- 60(80%) and least affected people were in the age group of 0-20 (20%).

Figure 1: Age wise distribution of cancers.

Table 1 describes that the Age wise distribution of patients with cancer is based according to the data of the patients where the age group between 31-40 is highly affected and age group of patient between 0-10 is less affected.

Table 1: Describes the Age wise distribution of patients.

Figure 2 is based on gender wise distribution of patients affected with cancer. This pie diagram clearly depicts that females occupied first place with about 65% whereas males are only just 34%.

Figure 2: Gender wise distribution of patients with cancer.

It is describes that the gender wise distribution of patients affected with cancer a total of 361 patients was diagnosed with different types of cancers: out of which 235 (65%) are females and 126 (34%) are males and it is shown in Table 2.

Table 2: Describes the gender wise distribution of patients affected with cancer.

The bar diagram as shown in Figure 3 is based on the type of cancers and on which type of cancers are predominant in both males and females. The highest percentage of cancer are recorded by head and neck cancer with overall percentage of 115 and second place occupied by cervix cancer with 80%.

Figure 3: Type wise distribution of cancers.

Table 3 describes type wise distribution of cancers most of female suffers from cervix 80 (22.26%) and breast cancer 48 (13.29%) whereas in males suffer from head and neck cancer 74 (23.41%) and stomach and leukemia’s.

Table 3: Type wise distribution of cancers.

The diagram shown in Figure 4 is based on the affected cancers patients belong to which area: urban or rural areas. This illustrates that most of people belongs to rural with about 60% and whereas urban only 40%. This helps us to rule out their economic status, social habits and less nutrients diet are might be the reasons for the occurrence of cancers.

Figure 4: Area wise Distribution of Patients with Cancer.

The area wise distribution of patients with cancer is shown in Table 4, where out of 361 patients 143 (40%) belongs to the urban area and 218 (60%) belongs to rural area.

Table 4: Describes the area wise distribution of patients with cancer.

T Cherian conducted a study like increasing cancer incidence in a tertiary care hospital [10] in a developing country, India at Department of Pathology, Lakeshore Hospital, Nettoor, Kochi, Kerala, India [11]. The study objective was Cancer is a major health problem in many countries including India. Since cancer registries are incomplete in India, only a few epidemiological studies have been done so far. The objective was to determine the leading causes of cancer in a tertiary care hospital and compare the incidences of different types of cancer with the incidences in India and developed countries [12]. An epidemiological study was done to collect data from pathology records of 1003 cancer cases during 6-month period in the year 2010. The data were collected in a computer and the data was utilized to make tables and histograms. In the 1003 cases, the leading cancer site was breast, followed by colon and rectum, lymph node and stomach. The leading cancer site for men was colon and rectum and for women was breast. Cancer incidence is now low in India, a developing country, compared to developed western countries [13]. However, some cancers like breast, colon and rectum cancers are increasing every year. The findings of this study support that cancer incidence is increasing in India and more epidemiological studies are needed.

Similarly to the above mentioned study evaluate the prevalence of different types of cancer in government general hospital, Andhra Pradesh. As above mentioned [14] that there is no huge number of studies conducted on epidemiology of cancers this main point is considered for the conductance of our study. To evaluate the types of cancers are more predominant based on age, area, gender in both males and females. A non-experimental prospective observational study was conducted in both government general hospital, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh. The study was carried out between December 2016 and May 2017. A non-experimental prospective observational study where total 361 patients were included in the study and based on age, gender, urban or rural and type of cancer study [15] was conducted. According to the data the patients with age group between 31-40 were highly affected and age group between 0-10 was less affected. Gender wise distribution of patients affected with cancer a total of 361 patients was diagnosed with different types of cancers, out of which 235 (65%) were females and 126 (34%) were males. Area wise (Figure 4) distribution of patients with cancer, out of 361 patients 143 (40%) belongs to the urban area, whereas 218 (60%) belongs to Rural area [16]. Type wise (Table 3) distribution of cancers most of female suffers from cervix 80 (22.26%) and breast cancer 48 (13.29%) whereas in males suffer from head and neck cancer 74 (23.41%) and stomach and leukemia’s. whereas in above mentioned study males are mostly affected with cancers like colon, rectum and females are affected with breast. In our study males are mostly affected with head and neck cancer and females are affected with cervix. Even though most are awareness creating regarding social habits like alcohol and smoking can cause dangerous cancers and can threaten our lives. Whereas in cervix cancers a lot of advancement taken place like cervix vaccination but most of the people even don’t know about vaccine especially in rural areas. So the incidence of cervix cancer still increases. Our study concluded that the incidence and prevalence of cancer is more among females is cervix whereas males in head and neck cancers [17]. The findings of this study support that cancer incidence is increasing in India and more epidemiological studies are needed. In the same way people education is also very important to reduce the prevalence and incidence of cancers.

Our study concluded the incidence of the cervix and breast is more in females, whereas in the male’s head and neck, stomach and leukemia’s was most predominant when compared to all other cancers. Age group between 31-40 was highly affected and age group between 0-10 was less affected. The people belongs to rural with about 60% and whereas urban only 40%.