Journal of Ergonomics

Journal of Ergonomics
Open Access

ISSN: 2165-7556

+44 1300 500008

Research Article - (2019)Volume 9, Issue 1

Analysis of Weight Distribution in Terms of Forces and Torques during Lifting Weight Using Digital Human Modelling

Zafar Ullah* and Shahid Maqsood
 
*Correspondence: Zafar Ullah, Ullah Z, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar 25000, Pakistan, Tel: +92 03329278262, Email:

Author info »

Abstract

Construction activities performed by workers are usually repetitive and physically demanding. Execution of such tasks in awkward postures can strain the body parts and can result in fatigue, back pain or in severe cases permanent disabilities. In view of this Digital human modelling (DHM) technology offers human ergonomics experts the facilities of an efficient means of kinematics characteristics of lifting heavy weights in different postures. The objective of this paper is to analyse and calculate the forces and torques on the different body parts during lifting weights in four different postures using Digital Human Modelling software. For this purposes four different lifting postures were analysed and the forces and torques were calculated. It was identified that changing the postures considerably minimize the redundant stresses on the body muscles.

Keywords

Musculoskeletal disorders; Lifting task; Lower back pain

Introduction

The International Labour Organization (ILO) estimates that some 2.3 million women and men around the world succumb to work-related accidents or diseases every year; this corresponds to over 6000 deaths every single day. Worldwide, there are around 340 million occupational accidents and 160 million victims of work-related illnesses annually [1]. Over the years, manufacturing companies have taken ergonomics and usability as basic parameters of quality for their products [1].

The design approach has been reviewed, giving to the end-users’ needs, requests, and limitations an extensive consideration. For this reason, an increasing attention is currently devoted to ergonomics and human factors evaluations even from the early stages of the design process [2-4]. Digital Mock-Ups (DMUs) provided by many computer aided engineering applications enable manufacturers to design a digital prototype of a product in full details, simulating its functions and predicting interaction among its different components [5-8]. The production of physical prototypes, which is a very time consuming task, is then deferred to the final stages of the design process [9]. In order to take advantage of digital simulations to conduct ergonomic assessments (computer aided ergonomics), digital substitutes of human beings capable of interacting with the DMUs in the simulation environment are required [10,11].

This has given birth to the so- called Digital Human Modelling (DHM), which led to the development of many software tools [10,12,13]. These tools are mainly used to study human-product and human-process interaction and to conduct ergonomic and biomechanical analyses, as well as manual process simulations, even before the physical prototype is available. DMUs, together with digital human models, are increasingly used in order to reduce the development time and cost, as well as to facilitate the prediction of performance and/or safety [14]. The ergonomic design methodology relying on digital human models makes the iterative process of design evaluation, diagnosis and review more rapid and economical [15,16]. It increases also the quality by minimizing the redundant changes and improves safety of products by eliminating ergonomics related problems [17,18]. Furthermore, with the arising of the forth-industrial revolution (Industry 4.0), the concept of the virtualization of the manufacturing processes has gained a greater importance. In this context, human simulation in production activities will certainly play a significant role [19]. These digital humans, provided by many process simulation software, are essentially kinematic chains consisting of several segments and joints [20]. In view of this the digital human modelling software helps to construct the human replica within the software and analysis is made on the mannequins in lifting task to calculate the forces and torques.

Methodology

Digital human models are computer-generated prototype of human beings used for biomechanical analysis. The mannequins are design through Human Computer Aided Design (CAD) software to mimic the real life industries workers posture. The facility of Ergo Tool is also available in the software which provides the static biomechanical stress on the different body parts. Four different lifting postures were analysed for forces and torque calculation assigning 20 kg concrete block to be lift.

Mannequin posture during lifting Weight

The mannequins were assigned 20 kg weight to be lift in four different postures. Through Ergo Tool in Human Cad Mannequin Pro were applied to calculate the forces and torques applied on different body parts. Mannequin in Figure 1, picking the 20 kg load in semi standing forward bending position, in Figure 2 picking the same load in semi sitting position with align knee and hip position with hand more extended and neck bending slightly from frontal plane. Similarly the mannequin in Figure 3, loading the load with standing feet and hand extended, the mannequin in Figure 4, picking the load with sitting position with one leg front support and one leg back support.

ergonomics-cluster-semi-sitting

Figure 1: Mannequin lifting block sitting with head extended down.

ergonomics-cluster-semi-sitting

Figure 2: Mannequin lifting block in semi sitting.

ergonomics-cluster-with-legs

Figure 3: Mannequin lifting block with forward extension with legs straight.

ergonomics-cluster-leg-back

Figure 4: Mannequin lifting block with one leg back with knee support.

Results of Digital Human Modelling

The detailed forces and torque is provided in the static biomechanics (Tables 1-4). The postures taken is the replica of real life workers during lifting blocks. Four mannequin were created and assign to pick 20 kg concrete block and the masses act as a weights due to gravity. In the Human CAD the Ergo tool of Static Biomechanics Tool were applied and all the forces and torque are displayed on the window screen. The details of static biomechanical stress are given in the Tables 1-4.

  Force (N) Torque (N.m)
Head 65.629 0
Left Arm 24.356 45.807
Left Foot 17.682 0.475
Left Forearm 10.518 36.547
Left Palm 7.317 9.886
Left Shank 49.872 12.144
Left Thigh 121.998 23.426
Pelvis 359.049 183.927
Right Arm 25.267 38.982
Left Foot 17.682 1.087
Right Forearm 11.429 36.206
Right Palm 105.317 9.584
Right Shank 49.872 4.817
Right Thigh 121.998 30.857
Thorax 268.708 167.889

 Table 1: Static Biomechanical Forces of posture 1.

  Force (N) Torque (N.m)
Head 65.629 0
Left Arm 24.356 51.533
Left Foot 17.682 1.147
Left Forearm 10.518 37.884
Left Palm 7.317 10.983
Left Shank 49.872 3.71
Left Thigh 121.998 32.084
Pelvis 359.049 122.721
Right Arm 25.267 41.744
Left Foot 17.682 0.468
Right Forearm 11.429 31.72
Right Palm 95.317 7.335
Right Shank 49.872 13.93
Right Thigh 121.998 3.682
Thorax 268.708 103.175

 Table 2: Static Biomechanical Forces of posture 2.

  Force (N) Torque (N.m)
Head 65.629 0
Left Arm 24.356 16.562
LeftFoot 17.682 1.145
Left Forearm 10.518 15.321
Left Palm 7.317 6.36
Left Shank 49.872 1.145
Left Thigh 121.998 2.777
Pelvis 359.049 103.136
Right Arm 25.267 15.674
Left Foot 17.682 1.094
Right Forearm 11.429 15.424
Right Palm 7.317 5.605
Right Shank 49.872 1.094
Right Thigh 121.998 2.626
Thorax 268.708 112.915

 Table 3: Static Biomechanical Forces of posture 3.

  Force (N) Torque (N.m)
Head 65.629 0
Left Arm 24.356 37.216
Left Foot 17.682 1.023
Left Forearm 10.518 26.133
Left Palm 7.317 8.598
LeftShanke 49.872 6.64
LeftThigh 121.998 26.871
Pelvis 359.049 160.717
Right Arm 25.267 29.889
Left Foot 17.682 0.965
Right Forearm 11.429 17.848
Right Palm 105.317 7.426
Right Shank 49.872 6.631
Right Thigh 121.998 26.856
Thorax 268.708 156.112

Table 4: Static Biomechanical Forces of posture 4.

Table 1 shows the static biomechanical stresses on different body parts, the highest force applied on pelvis (359.049 N) and the second most load bearing region is thorax (268.708 N). Similarly the highest positive torque act on the thorax (183.927 Nm) and secondly (167.889 Nm) positive torque act on the pelvis. The line graph in Figure 5 shows that most of the stresses are concentrated on the pelvic region.

ergonomics-cluster-biomechanical-graph

Figure 5: Static biomechanical graph of posture 1.

Table 2 shows the static biomechanical stresses on different body parts, the highest force applied on pelvis (359.049 N) and the second most load bearing region is thorax (268.708 N). Similarly the highest positive torque act on the thorax (183.927 Nm) and secondly (167.889 Nm) positive torque act on the pelvis. The line graph in Figure 6 shows that most of the stresses are concentrated on the pelvic region.

ergonomics-cluster-graph-posture

Figure 6: Static biomechanical graph of posture 2.

Table 3 shows the static biomechanical stresses on different body parts, the highest force applied on pelvis (359.049 N) and the second most load bearing region is thorax (268.708 N). Similarly the highest positive torque act on the thorax (112.915 Nm) and secondly (103.136 Nm) positive torque act on the pelvis. The line graph in Figure 7 shows that most of the stresses are concentrated on the pelvic region.

ergonomics-cluster-static-biomechanical

Figure 7: Static biomechanical graph of posture 3.

Table 4 shows the static biomechanical stresses on different body parts, the highest force applied on pelvis (359.049 N) and the second most load bearing region is thorax (268.708 N). Similarly the highest positive torque act on the thorax (156.112 Nm) and secondly (160.717 Nm) positive torque act on the pelvis. The line graph in Figure 8 shows that most of the stresses are concentrated on the pelvic region.

ergonomics-cluster-graph-posture

Figure 8: Static biomechanical graph of posture 4.

Results of forces of the four postures given in below Table 5 and comparing results of torque of the four postures given in below Table 6.

  Figure 1
 (Force (N))
Figure 2
 (Force (N))
Figure 3 (Force (N)) Figure 4
 (Force (N))
Head 65.629 65.629 65.629 65.629
Left Arm 24.356 24.356 24.356 24.356
Left Foot 17.682 17.682 17.682 17.682
Left Forearm 10.518 10.518 10.518 10.518
Left Palm 7.317 7.317 7.317 7.317
Left Shank 49.872 49.872 49.872 49.872
Left Thigh 121.998 121.998 121.998 121.998
Pelvis 359.049 359.049 359.049 359.049
Right Arm 25.267 25.267 25.267 25.267
Left Foot 17.682 17.682 17.682 17.682
Right Forearm 11.429 11.429 11.429 11.429
Right Palm 105.317 95.317 7.317 105.317
Right Shank 49.872 49.872 49.872 49.872
Right Thigh 121.998 121.998 121.998 121.998
Thorax 268.708 268.708 268.708 268.708

 Table 5: Comparing forces.

  Figure 1
Torque (N.m)
Figure 2
Torque (N.m)
Figure 3
Torque (N.m)
Figure 4
Torque (N.m)
Head 0 0 0 0
Left Arm 45.807 51.533 16.562 37.216
Left Foot 0.475 1.147 1.145 1.023
Left Forearm 36.547 37.884 15.321 26.133
Left Palm 9.886 10.983 6.36 8.598
Left Shanke 12.144 3.71 1.145 6.64
Left Thigh 23.426 32.084 2.777 26.871
Pelvis 183.927 122.721 103.136 160.717
Right Arm 38.982 41.744 15.674 29.889
Left Foot 1.087 0.468 1.094 0.965
Right Forearm 36.206 31.72 15.424 17.848
Right Palm 9.584 7.335 5.605 7.426
Right Shank 4.817 13.93 1.094 6.631
Right Thigh 30.857 3.682 2.626 26.856
Thorax 167.889 103.175 112.915 156.112

Table 6: Comparing torque.

Discussion

Musculoskeletal Disorders are noted as a result of the presence of different risk factors, including contact stress, force, vibrations, repetition and jobs that put muscles under redundant physical forces. In the proposed study it is shown that changing the posture significantly change thee stresses. Figure 9 shows the comparative forces applied, the highest forces allied on posture 4 in Figure 4, followed by posture 3 in Figure 3. Similarly in posture 2 in Figure 2 a less forces is applied and the most ergonomically less stresses posture is in Figure 1 of posture 1. Similarly is the case of torque produced in the body is concentrated in the pelvis region. As from Figures 9 and 10, it is clear that most of the forces and positive torque is concentrated in pelvis region and the pelvis region is the most sensitive region of the human skeletal system.

ergonomics-cluster-graph-forces

Figure 9: Static biomechanical graph of the forces.

ergonomics-cluster-graph-torques

Figure 10: Static biomechanical graph of the torques.

Conclusion

Through Human CAD tool the static Biomechanical stresses distributions were calculated. In an industrially developing countries like Pakistan the source of exposure to MSDs risks seem to be severe mainly because of the untrained workforce and due the absence of the labour laws implementation. The conclusion taken is that, though many studies have shown a significant relation between manual labour and MSDs, in an industrially developing countries, people are exposed to work without knowing the new job physical demand. In this regard, there is a dire need for medical and physical examination as a prerequisite for new jobs. In addition, workers should be trained on ergonomics basis before they are exposing to manual material handling.

References

  1. Kaulio MA. Customer, consumer and user involvement in product development: A framework and a review of selected methods. Total Quality Management. 1998;9:141-149.
  2. Stanton NA, Salmon PM, Rafferty LA, Walker GH, Baber C, Jenkins DP. Human factors methods: a practical guide for engineering and design. CRC Press. 2017
  3. Shackel B. Ergonomics in information technology in Europe-a review. Behav Inf Technol. 1985;4:263-287.
  4. Martinsons MG, Chong PK. The influence of human factors and specialist involvement on information systems success. Human relations. 1999;52:123-152.
  5. De Sa AG, Zachmann G. Virtual reality as a tool for verification of assembly and maintenance processes. Computers & Graphics. 1999;23:389-403.
  6. Stark R, Krause FL, Kind C, Rothenburg U, Müller P, Hayka H, et al. Competing in engineering design- The role of Virtual Product Creation. CIRP Journal of Manufacturing Science and Technology. 2010;3:175-184.
  7. Dolezal WR. Success factors for digital mock-ups (DMU) in complex aerospace product development. Technische Universität München. 2008.
  8. Mourtzis D, Papakostas N, Mavrikios D, Makris S, Alexopoulos K. The role of simulation in digital manufacturing: applications and outlook. Int J Comput Integr Manuf. 2015;28:3-24.
  9. Whiteside J, Bennett J, Holtzblatt K. Usability engineering: Our experience and evolution handbook of human-computer interaction. Elsevier. 1998.
  10. Pelliccia L, Klimant F, De Santis A, Di Gironimo G, Lanzotti A, Tarallo A, et al. Task-based motion control of digital humans for industrial applications. Procedia CIRP. 2017;62:535-540.
  11. Magistris GD, Micaelli A, Savin J, Gaudez C, Marsot J. Dynamic digital human models for ergonomic analysis based on humanoid robotics techniques. Int J Digital Human. 2015;1:81-109.
  12. Di Gironimo G, Pelliccia L, Siciliano B, Tarallo A. Biomechanically-based motion control for a digital human. Int J Interact Des Manuf. 2012;6:1-13.
  13. De Magistris G, Micaelli A, Evrard P, Andriot C, Savin J, Gaudez C, et al. Dynamic control of DHM for ergonomic assessments. Int J Ind Ergon. 2013;43:170-180.
  14. Ma L, Chablat D, Bennis F, Zhang W, Guillaume F. A new muscle fatigue and recovery model and its ergonomics application in human simulation. Virtual Phys Prototyp. 2010;5:123-137.
  15. Rasmussen J. Skills, rules, and knowledge; signals, signs, and symbols, and other distinctions in human performance models. IEEE transactions on systems, man, and cybernetics. 1983;13:257-266.
  16. Maguire M. Methods to support human-centred design. Int J Hum Comput Stud. 2001;55:587-634.
  17. Demirel HO, Duffy VG.  Applications of digital human modeling in industry. International Conference on Digital Human Modeling. Springer. (2007)
  18. MacLeod D. The ergonomics edge: Improving safety, quality, and productivity. John Wiley & Sons. US. 1994.
  19. Hai Z. Development of smart industry maturity model. University of Twente. Master’s Thesis. 2017.
  20. Aggarwal JK, Cai Q. Human motion analysis: A review. Comput Vis Image Underst. 1999;73:428-440.

Author Info

Zafar Ullah* and Shahid Maqsood
 
University of Engineering and Technology, Peshawar 25000, Pakistan
 

Citation: Ullah Z, Maqsood S (2019) Analysis of Weight Distribution in Term of Forces and Torques during Lifting Weight using Digital Human. J Ergonomics 9:243.

Received: 18-Oct-2018 Accepted: 19-Mar-2019 Published: 27-Mar-2019 , DOI: 10.35248/2165-7556.19.9.243

Copyright: © 2019 Ullah Z, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Top