Anatomy & Physiology: Current Research
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Anatomy and Physiology of the Human Gustatory System

Yang Zhewika^{* *}Correspondence: Yang Zhewika, Department of Anatomy, University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada, Email:

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Description

The Frontal Eye Field (FEF) is a sector in nonhuman primates that controls oculomotor behaviour and spatial attention. It is located at the confluence of the prefrontal and premotor cortex. The evidence for at least two FEFs in humans lies at the heart of the still-unresolved question of probable homologies between the macaque and the human frontal oculomotor system. In this review article, we propose a new view based on evidence from the last decade that, in macaques, the FEF is at the core of an oculomotor domain in which several distinct areas, including areas 45A and 45B, provide the substrate for parallel processing of different aspects of oculomotor behaviour [1]. Based on the comparisons, we will propose a correlation between certain macaque and human oculomotor fields, implying a shared brain substrate for oculomotor control, gaze processing, and spatial attention orienting. As a result, this page may help to resolve certain parts of the so-called "enigma" of human FEF anatomy. intraoral taste buds, nasal olfactory mucosa, blood and nerve supply, and several critical central neurological relay stations The Atlas of the Human Hypothalamus is designed to offer a thorough grasp of the anatomy, myelo-, and cyto architectonics of the human hypothalamus and its surrounding diencephalic components. The atlas is made up of two major parts. The first portion provides a detailed explanation and schematic illustrations of the most significant hypothalamic structures, followed by the second section, which depicts the cytoarchitecture of these regions using 133 coronal diencephalic slices stained with hematoxylin and eosin [2]. These parts are supplemented with a coordinate system, which may be useful for targeting specific diencephalic locations during deep brain stimulation and calculating the exact size and placements of routes and nuclei. Every segment is accompanied with an expanded portion of the same micrograph exhibiting solely the hypothalamus, with sufficient resolution to distinguish individual cells. These pictures are designed to aid in the interpretation of hypothalamic myelo- and cytoarchitectonics. Cardiovascular therapy necessitates the development of highly sophisticated bimanual laparoscopic abilities. Microsurgical training is required for neurosurgeons who do cerebrovascular bypass, and it has generally been done in single-vessel simulators such as live animals, chicken wings, or synthetic models with restricted vessel diameter variation.

Cerebrovascular bypass surgeries have restricted and specialized reasons, hence they are performed seldom at neurosurgical facilities. Only a few neurosurgeons have mastered the specialized abilities required to conduct this treatment successfully [3]. The purpose of this study is to define the vascular architecture of the human placenta in order to guide IntraCranial-IntraCranial (ICIC) bypass surgery. One vein and two arteries exit the umbilical cord and pass over the stroma of the human placenta. After saline perfusion at a pressure of 80 mm Hg regulated by a sphygmomanometer, the vasculature of 100 human placentas were measured with a digital pachymeter with an error margin of 0.05 mm. Vessels were measured from the first to fourth bifurcation of the placenta, beginning with the entrance of the umbilical cord vessels into the placenta. For test-retest validation, 1200 placenta vessels were employed, with a reliability value of 0.95. The 100 human placentas were all appropriate for the five distinct bypasses. P 0.005 was found for construct validity. Concurrent validity revealed the technological differences between simulators [4].

Conclusion

Ex vivo bypass models are quite comparable to major brain arteries and allow you to perform a range of IC-IC bypass procedures in a single simulator. Knowledge of placental vascular architecture can help improve laboratory microsurgical training. To the best of our knowledge, no precise anatomical description of the placenta's circulatory system has ever been published. Working using a high-fidelity simulator that offers several sorts of anastomosis in a rich vascular tree that has already been systematized, the vascular neurosurgeon's skill may be securely maintained.

References

1. Borra E, Luppino G. Comparative anatomy of the macaque and the human frontal oculomotor domain .Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2021;126:43-56.

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2. Witt M. Anatomy and development of the human gustatory and olfactory systems.

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3. Dudas B. Atlas of the Human Hypothalamus: Anatomy, Blood Supply, Myelo-, and Cytoarchitecture. Academic Press; 2021.

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4. Oliveira MM, Wendling L, Malheiros JA, Nicolato A, Prosdocimi A, Guerra L, et al. Human placenta simulator for intracranial–intracranial bypass: vascular anatomy and 5 bypass techniques. World Neurosurg. 2018;119:e694-702..

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