Journal of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine
Open Access

Application of Genes Modification and CRISPR-Cas9

Hyemin Kim^{* *}Correspondence: Hyemin Kim, Department of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea, Email:

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Description

Genome editing also referred to as genetic editing, refers to a range of scientific techniques that enable the modification of an organism's DNA. Genome editing is currently employed in research facilities to study diseases in cells and animal models. Zinc-Finger Nucleases (ZFNs), Transcription Activator-Like Effector Nucleases (TALENs), and meganucleases are advanced genome editing techniques made from proteins. At specific sites in the genome, gene editing technologies enable the addition, removal, or modification of genetic material. There are several methods for genome editing that have been developed. CRISPRCas9, which stands for clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats and CRISPR-associated protein 9, is a wellknown example. Because it is quicker, less expensive, more precise, and more effective than existing genome editing techniques, the CRISPR-Cas9 system has sparked a lot of interest in the scientific community. A naturally occurring genome editing system that bacteria deploy as an immunological response is the basis for CRISPR-Cas9. Bacteria that are virusinfected seize tiny bits of the viruses' DNA and splice it into their own DNA in a specific pattern to form sections known as CRISPR arrays. The CRISPR arrays enable the bacteria to "remember" the viruses. In the event of a subsequent virus attack, the bacteria create RNA segments from CRISPR arrays that can recognize and bind to particular regions of the viral DNA. The virus is then rendered inoperable by the bacteria's employment of Cas9 or a related enzyme to split the DNA. The prevention and treatment of human diseases is a major area of focus for genome editing. Additionally, it is also showing development in the disease managemen t and avoidance of more complicated illnesses like cancer, heart disease, mental illness, and HIV infection. Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats or CRISPR/Cas9 is said to be an additional technique. Only specific tissues are affected by these alterations, and they are not passed down from one generation to the next. However, alterations made to the genes of an embryo, sperm, or egg cells may be passed on to next generations. One of the most important molecular tools for gene editing is called CRISPR-Cas9. Discussions about the moral and social consequences of human genetic engineering have been ongoing for a while, but the major advancement in gene-editing technology has given them new importance. In one form or another, a lot of questions, including whether genetic engineering should be employed to heal human sickness or to change qualities like intelligence or attractiveness, had been raised for decades. However, such problems were no longer hypothetical with the advent of simple and effective gene-editing technologies, particularly CRISPR-Cas9, and the solutions stood to have very serious effects on society and medicine. Many studiers in a range of organisms involve genome editing. For instance, CRISPR is used to create disease "knockout" models in a variety of species, allowing scientists to investigate the underlying genetic causes. Additionally, it is being used to alter the genes of specific tissues or organs, focus research on disease-causing genes, develop disease-related cell models, such as those made from human pluripotent stem cells, and inactivate viruses in pigs to prepare them for use as a source of human organ replacements. When human genomes are edited using tools like CRISPR-Cas9, there are ethical questions that are raised. The majority of genome editing's modifications are only made to somatic cells, which are cells other than egg and sperm cells (germline cells). Researchers are currently figuring out whether this method is secure and efficient for usage in people. For a wide range of illnesses, including single-gene diseases like cystic fibrosis, hemophilia, and sickle cell disease, it is being investigated in research and clinical trials. As genome editing of germ cells and developing embryos raises a number of ethical issues, such as whether it would be acceptable to utilize this technology to improve typical human qualities (such as height or intelligence). In order to remove current DNA and insert substitute DNA, gene editing is implemented by applying enzymes, especially nucleases that have been specifically designed to target a particular DNA sequence. The CRISPR-Cas9 tool has a bright future in cancer biology because it is a flexible, user-friendly, practical, and effective piece of technology. By making it possible to alter the target cells' genomes, which was previously difficult to do, the technology presents a unique strategy to treating cancer. The development of CRISPR technology, a gene editing tool that allows for the splicing and modification of DNA within cells, has long been regarded as the cure for hereditary diseases.