Alexander Oparin proposed primitive cells, coacervates, surrounded by a detergent-like film of surfactants. The first bio-active molecules were analogues of the transfer RNAs, tRNAs involved in protein synthesis, transport DNAs, tDNAs. They form H-bond lined pores through cell membranes. Lightning strikes created an electric field within them and ice light drove a ratchet mechanism, transporting electrically charged carrier-substrate complexes. tDNAs concentrated all life’s molecular ingredients in coacervates, promoting chemical reactions within (Figures 4 and 5). 64 tDNA variants constitute life’s atomic alphabet, their substrate complexes its molecular vocabulary. The rules they follow are inviolable, predating protein synthesis and enzyme catalysis. Medical, veterinary and pharmaceutical data are consistent with nine independent metabolic pathways.

Figure 1: Structure of diamond. 2D version of the phase transition showing the 105° | 120° angles and 0.96 | 1.82 Ångström bond lengths and transition temperatures.

Figure 2: Ice light created DNA.

Figure 3: tRNA_Phe showing the ‘hole’ and a tDNA embedded in a unit membrane.

Figure 4: Trans-membrane H-bonds, apply membrane potential, absorb 4 μ radiation, net field drives transport.

Figure 5: (a) Adenylcyclase driving transport and (b) guanylcyclase driving protein synthesis.

Differentiation DNAs, dDNAs selecting tDNAs controls substrate uptake, analogous to messenger RNAs, mRNAs selecting tRNAs for protein synthesis (Figure 6). At cell division, tDNAs feeding from blastocysts and gastrocysts are starved of nutrients and overheat, displacing adenylcyclase, allowing guanylcyclase to synthesize hook proteins (Figure 7). 1 hook enables gamete pairing, spirogyra, sponges and simple worms use 2, 3, and 4 hooks respectively. Our tissues use 5 hooks, 6 allows tumours and cancers to grow. 1-hook immune cells binding to the extra hook prevent proliferation. Barrels of α-helices supplement tDNAs in modern life, extracting DNA for sequencing studies eliminates tDNAs. Their non-Mendelian inheritance is manifest in familial metabolic disorders.

Figure 6: Five stages of differentiation create hook proteins, a 6th allows unlimited growth.

Figure 7: Uncoiled DNA binds to a flat protein hairpin.

Minion Structure and Function

Another protein function is to form anti-parallel β-pleated sheet hairpins with alternate neutral [A, L, I or V] and basic [K or R] residues and P forming an asymmetric U-bend. These bind to uncoiled the DNA B-helix, it retains its base-spacing and overlap. Twenty-one nine base-pair units form a coil and nine coils complete a minion (Figure 8). DNA is more stable than RNA, favouring it as life’s precursor. The extra hydroxyl group on RNA sterically hinders minion formation. Extracting DNA for sequencing loses tDNAs, obscuring their persistence in modern lifeforms. Minions enable 1,701 base pairs to replicate with minimal uncoiling and recoiling. They pack DNA on chromosomes better than nucleosome core particles (Figure 9).

Figure 8: Minion replicates, a 21-unit coil and stacked minions forming chromosome.

Figure 9: Protons progress along amine-phosphate End view of minion showing H-bonds H-bond chains.

The proton ordered H-bonds connecting minions’ Lys/Arg ω-amines to DNA phosphates form 189 × 18 arrays: (Figure 10). They’re eighteen-handed biological clocks with time unit determined by that light take to travel thrice around the fastest coil:

Figure 10: Periodic table showing essential, toxic and unused elements.

τ=3 × 189 × 7.37 × 10^-10/3 × 10⁸ ≈ 1.39 femtoseconds

Where, the initial 3 reflects Dekatron™ logic, there are 189 base pairs per coil, β-sheet spacing=7.37 ?ngström, velocity of light=3 × 10⁸ and a femtosecond=10^-15 seconds.

Minions as chips in the brain

Minions also serve as chips in the brain, each coil stores one letter of an eighteen letter word using a 64-character alphabet, analogous to the RNA code for protein synthesis. Those in a single cell nucleus could remember the Bible, Koran and works of Shakespeare. Memory recall involves resonance between minions, whether in the same nucleus or via nerve fibres serving as optic cables. This model has greater capacity than the neural network approach. Synaptic junctions serve as filters, distinguishing differentiated brain regions. Storage is holographic, destroying part of the brain doesn’t necessarily cause amnesia (Table 1). where each track stores a different quality of data, negative and positive track numbers signify the introvert and extravert personalities of specialists in the associated discipline, me and mp=electron and proton masses, f=10^-15, p=10^-12, n=10^-9, μ=10^-6, m=10^-3, k=10³, M=10⁶, G=10⁹, P=10¹⁵ and asterisks connote approximation. The Tyger equation allows for relativity between perception and conception using polar coordinates ? and ?, β=63-9=1.39 × 10^-15 and e=base of natural logarithms. It warps our perception, rendering plane surfaces as spheres, justifies Einstein’s doubts about quantum mechanics and offers new axioms for physics, explaining gravitation.

Table 1: Qualities associated with minion coils.

Tyger relativity equation:

Computers and data-bases modelled on minions promise humanfriendly artificial intelligence satisfying Turing’s criteria with potential to assist diplomats seeking peace treaties. Controversially, protons accelerated along the tunnels marked T above drive molecular scale nuclear fusion. If the γ-rays released could be trapped at source, the global warming problem might be resolved. An infants’ first breath burns a reference datum on his or her minions determining their personality traits, justifying astrology.

Nine metabolic pathways reflect minions’ nine-fold symmetry. In each case, adequate trace element nutrition protects against mental and physical disorders. The non-Mendelian inheritance of tDNA mutants accounts for familial conditions, a minion-based data base would facilitate their diagnosis. Trace element supplements would prevent heart attacks, strokes, cancers, diabetes, Alzheimer’s dementia and rarer conditions, improve health and reduce NHS expenditure (Figure 11 and Table 2).

Table 2: Nine independent biological pathways.

Figure 11: Resonant cavities involve in bioenergetics.

Biological systems deploy resonant cavities to couple chemical to mechanical energy. Sulphite, SO₃= exchanges calcium, Ca⁺⁺ for magnesium, Mg++ controlling the hydrolysis of ATP’s phosphodiester bonds. Occurring in striated muscle sarcomeres, they resonate with the ~4 μ infrared released and contract to form ½-wave cavities. Mitochondria, being commensurate with ~4 μ infrared generated by oxidative phosphorylation, store it for conversion to chemical energy by the cytochrome chain. Likewise, chloroplast grana accommodate the light wavelengths they use for photosynthesis (Figure 12).

Figure 12: Catecholamines form 4 and 6 member rings around Na⁺ and K⁺, morphinans create larger complexes.

Adrenaline, noradrenaline and dopamine exchange 3 sodium ions, Na⁺ for 2 potassium ions, K+. The larger complexes morphine forms block tDNAs, accounting for addiction (Figure 13).

Figure 13: MnCl₄ transports NaCl.

Manganese tetra-chloride, MnCl₄⁼ excretes salt, subject to aldosterone, angiotensin, rennin, histamine and aspirin. Carbonic anhydrase manages the chloride shift, exchanging bicarbonate, HCO₃^- for Cl^-. Carbon dioxide, CO₂ excretion controls acidity, pH (Figure 14).

Figure 14: Iodine transports oxygen.

CO₂+H₂O ↔ HCO₃^-+H⁺

Metallic iodine, iodinium, I⁺ binds oxygen hydrate, O₂.H₂O. Iodine deficiency causes goitre, iodide accumulating in the eyes causes exopthalmos and mutant tDNAs cause bipolar disorder, mania and depression corresponding to excess and deficient oxygen, treated with lithium, Li. The colours of littoral seaweeds match those of I⁺ and I^-, protecting them from tidal oxygen fluctuations. tDNAs and nicotinamide in NAD attach protons to nitrogen, oxygen and nitric oxide, N₂, O₂ and NO, fixing nitrogen more efficiently than the Haber process, explaining our oxygen-rich atmosphere and nitric oxide controlling vasodilation. Cyanide and carbon monoxide block this tDNA (Figures 15 and 16).

Figure 15: Nitrogen fixation.

Figure 16: A balancing act controls growth.

Copper, Cu⁺⁺ transports amino acids through gut and liver cell membranes and transfers them across the endoplasmic reticulum for protein synthesis, controlling growth.

Vitamin D stores UV sunlight energy for incorporating fluoride, F- to SiF₆⁼, carrier for apatite, it maintains bones and teeth.

Zinc, Zn⁺⁺ complexes with β-_Dglucose, controlling carbohydrate metabolism.

Silver, Ag⁺ replenishes ATP and mediates pyrophosphate, PPi synthesis for transport bound to arginine, they supply the atomic ingredients for reproducing DNA.

My account of water transport contradicts Peter Mitchell’s chemiosmotic hypothesis. Saturated fat breakdown yields mevalonic acid. Exchanging phosphomevalonate for phosphomevalonolactone transports water, controlling osmotic pressure (Figure 17).

Figure 17: 1. Video of diamond crystal showing square and hexagonal tunnels. 2. Video of water and ice showing irregular tetrahedral shape, cubic and hexagonal crystals and phase transition.