Journal of Applied Pharmacy
Open Access

Biotechnological Approaches to Combat Antibiotic Resistance

Abonyi Lan Ganti^{* *}Correspondence: Abonyi Lan Ganti, Department of Biotechnology, University of Turin, Torino, Italy, Email:

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Description

Development of novel antibiotics through biotechnological methods

Traditional methods of antibiotic discovery have relied heavily on natural products, but the rate of new antibiotic discovery has significantly slowed. Biotechnological advancements offer new avenues for discovering and developing novel antibiotics:

Genomic mining: The advent of genomics has opened new frontiers in antibiotic discovery. Microbial genomes contain numerous gene clusters that encode for bioactive compounds, many of which remain uncharacterized. Techniques such as genome mining can identify these clusters, leading to the discovery of novel antibiotics. Bioinformatics tools are employed to analyze genomic data, identify potential antibiotic-producing genes, and predict their structures and functions.

Metagenomics: This approach involves extracting and analyzing genetic material from environmental samples without culturing organisms. Metagenomics can uncover a vast diversity of microbes and their genetic blueprints for antibiotic production. By screening metagenomic libraries, researchers can discover new antibiotic compounds that are otherwise inaccessible through traditional culturing methods.

Synthetic biology: Synthetic biology allows for the design and construction of new biological parts, devices, and systems. It can be used to engineer microorganisms to produce novel antibiotics or enhance the production of existing ones. For instance, synthetic biology can reprogram bacteria to synthesize nonnatural antibiotics with improved efficacy and reduced resistance potential.

Peptidomimetics: These are small protein-like chains designed to mimic the biological activity of peptides. Advances in biotechnology enable the design and synthesis of peptidomimetics that can overcome the limitations of natural antibiotics, such as stability and specificity. They can be engineered to target bacterial membranes or specific bacterial enzymes, providing a strong alternative to traditional antibiotics.

Enhancement of existing antibiotics

Biotechnology also plays a important role in enhancing the efficacy of existing antibiotics and extending their lifespan.

Antibiotic potentiators: These are compounds that, when used in combination with antibiotics, can enhance their effectiveness. Biotechnology enables the identification and development of potentiators that inhibit resistance mechanisms in bacteria, such as efflux pumps and enzymes that degrade antibiotics. By combining potentiators with existing antibiotics, it is possible to restore their effectiveness against resistant strains.

Nanotechnology: Nanotechnology offers a promising approach to improve the delivery and efficacy of antibiotics. Nanoparticles can be engineered to carry antibiotics directly to the site of infection, reducing the required dosage and minimizing side effects. Additionally, nanoparticles can be designed to penetrate biofilms, which are protective layers that bacteria form to shield themselves from antibiotics.

CRISPR-cas systems: CRISPR-Cas technology can be used to edit bacterial genomes, specifically targeting resistance genes. By designing CRISPR systems to target and disrupt resistance genes, researchers can render bacteria susceptible to antibiotics once again. This approach offers a precise and customizable method to combat resistance at the genetic level.

Alternative therapeutic strategies

Biotechnology provides several innovative alternatives to traditional antibiotics.

Bacteriophage therapy: Bacteriophages are viruses that infect and kill bacteria. Phage therapy exploits these natural predators to target and eliminate bacterial infections. Advances in biotechnology have enabled the genetic modification of phages to enhance their specificity and effectiveness against resistant bacteria. Phage therapy is particularly promising for treating infections that are resistant to conventional antibiotics.

Antimicrobial peptides: AMPs are short peptides with potent antimicrobial properties. They are part of the innate immune system and can kill a wide range of bacteria, including those that are resistant to traditional antibiotics. Biotechnological advancements have facilitated the design and synthesis of AMPs with enhanced stability, reduced toxicity, and improved therapeutic efficacy. AMPs can serve as a valuable alternative to traditional antibiotics, particularly in combating multi-drugresistant bacteria.

Probiotics and microbiome modulation: The human microbiome plays a important role in maintaining health and combating infections. Probiotics, which are beneficial bacteria, can be used to outcompete pathogenic bacteria and restore a healthy microbial balance. Biotechnology enables the development of probiotics that are specifically tailored to target resistant bacteria and prevent infections. Additionally, manipulating the microbiome through prebiotics and other interventions can help reduce the prevalence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria.

Improved diagnostic tools

Rapid and accurate diagnosis is critical for the effective treatment of bacterial infections and the prevention of antibiotic resistance

Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS): NGS allows for the rapid sequencing of bacterial genomes, enabling the identification of resistance genes and the prediction of antibiotic susceptibility. This technology provides detailed insights into the genetic makeup of bacterial populations, allowing for the tailored use of antibiotics and reducing the likelihood of resistance development.

Point-of-care diagnostics: Biotechnology has led to the development of portable, rapid diagnostic tools that can be used at the point of care. These devices can quickly identify bacterial pathogens and their resistance profiles, guiding the appropriate use of antibiotics and minimizing unnecessary antibiotic use.

Biosensors: Biosensors are analytical devices that combine a biological component with a physicochemical detector. They can detect the presence of specific bacteria or resistance genes in a sample, providing real-time information on the infection and guiding treatment decisions. Advances in biosensor technology have improved their sensitivity, specificity, and usability in clinical settings.

The battle against antibiotic resistance requires a multifaceted approach, and biotechnology provides a powerful arsenal to tackle this challenge. From the discovery of novel antibiotics and enhancement of existing drugs to the development of alternative therapies and advanced diagnostic tools, biotechnology offers innovative solutions to combat antibiotic resistance. By using these technologies, it is possible to preserve the efficacy of antibiotics, protect public health, and ensure a future where bacterial infections can be effectively controlled.