Clinical Pediatrics: Open Access
Open Access

Bone and Mineral Disorders of Children

Claus Peter Schmitt^1* and Nadine M Khouzam^{2 *}Correspondence: Claus Peter Schmitt, Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Center for Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, INF 430, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany, Email:

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Description

Rickets is a disorder in children where the skeletons are soft and weak. Maximum children grow rickets because of a lasting, severe case of vitamin D lack. A mutual symptom of rickets is curved legs. Vitamin D permits the body to engage phosphorus and calcium from nutrition. Phosphorus and calcium are the two minerals that work composed to build strong bones. A severe lack of vitamin D can lead to tinny, misshapen, or brittle bones.

The parathyroid glands create parathyroid hormone which stabilities phosphorus and calcium levels in the body. Hyperparathyroidism ensues when the parathyroid glands create too much parathyroid hormone. This is frequently produced by parathyroid glands that extend when benign tumors form in the glands. Symptoms of hyperparathyroidism may contain joint aches, kidney stones, osteoporosis, and frequent urination. Hypoparathyroidism arises when the parathyroid glands create too little parathyroid hormone. This can be produced by injury to the parathyroid glands during surgery, an autoimmune disorder that reasons the body to reject parathyroid tissue, radiation treatment, or low magnesium levels missing or faulty parathyroid glands. Symptoms of hypoparathyroidism may contain muscle pains and itchy fingers, toes, or lips. Pseudohypoparathyroidism happens when the body creates parathyroid hormone normally but fails to react to it, producing high blood phosphate and low blood calcium. It is an infrequent genetic disorder. Symptoms may contain dental problems, cataracts, seizures, numbness, and body spasms.

Calcium abnormalities contain hypercalcemia and hypocalcemia. Hypocalcemia arises when there is too tiny calcium in the blood. Hypocalcemia may be the effect of vitamin D deficiency, hypoparathyroidism, or chronic kidney disease. Hypercalcemia may be initiated by cancer, hyperparathyroidism, situations that raise vitamin D levels, or extreme use of vitamin D or calcium supplements. The disorder may weaken bones and affect heart and brain tasks. Other signs of hypercalcemia include dehydration and kidney stones, constipation. In both conditions, signs may not be clear.

Osteogenesis lacking also called brittle bone disease, osteogenesis imperfecta is a genetic condition that exists from birth. The brittle bone disorder is characterized by bones that break simply. Osteoporosis is a disorder where the bones develop weak, brittle, and disposed to fracture. When it happens in children, there is usually an essential cause, such as osteogenesis imperfecta, Type 1 diabetes, Type 2 diabetes, calcium, and vitamin D deficiency, or hyperthyroidism. Signs of osteoporosis in children might include physical distortion like curving of the spine, joint pain, a sunken chest, or a limp. Are some other diseases seen in children due to minerals and vitamins deficiency? Infantile osteopetrosis is an occasional genetic disorder that appears at birth. In this disorder, the bones do not form usually causing them to be too thick yet weak and easy to break. This disorder may lead to hearing and vision loss, short stature, frequent fractures, and common infections. Children with this disorder frequently have low levels of blood calcium and parathyroid hormone.

Diagnoses of bone disease are Physical exam, Blood test, Urinalysis, X-ray, Bone density scan. The treatment for these types of diseases is Vitamin D and calcium supplements, a Lowphosphorus diet, Medicine, Surgery, Physical therapy, and orthopedic care, Bone marrow transplant, close monitoring.