Angiology: Open Access
Open Access

Cardiovascular Implications of Emerging Infectious Diseases

Steven Salberg^{* *}Correspondence: Steven Salberg, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany, Email:

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Description

Emerging infectious diseases, such as Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), Ebola, and Zika, have become a significant global concern. While the primary focus during outbreaks is often on the immediate health impacts and the development of vaccines or treatments, it is essential to consider the broader, long-term health consequences. The connection between emerging infectious diseases and cardiovascular health is not a one-way street. Infectious diseases can affect the cardiovascular system, and conversely, pre-existing cardiovascular conditions can influence the course and outcome of infectious diseases.

Infectious diseases and cardiovascular health

Direct effects: Numerous emerging infectious diseases, including the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARSCoV- 2) responsible for COVID-19, can lead to cardiovascular complications. These complications can range from mild conditions such as myocarditis to severe conditions like acute myocardial infarction (heart attack). The mechanism often involves systemic inflammation, increased blood clotting, and direct viral invasion of heart tissue.

Indirect effects: Infections can also indirectly impact cardiovascular health. Prolonged illness and hospitalization can weaken the overall health of patients and lead to deconditioning. Furthermore, the psychological stress associated with a severe infectious disease can contribute to the development or exacerbation of cardiovascular conditions.

Cardiovascular conditions and infectious diseases

Pre-existing cardiovascular conditions, such as hypertension, atherosclerosis, and heart failure, can increase an individual's susceptibility to infections. The compromised immune response and the systemic inflammation that often accompany these conditions create an environment conducive to infection. Additionally, medications used to manage cardiovascular diseases may impact the immune system's ability to respond to pathogens. The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic serves as a notable case study in understanding the cardiovascular implications of an emerging infectious disease.

COVID-19 and cardiovascular complications

Myocardial injury: A significant concern in COVID-19 is the potential for myocardial injury, even in patients with no prior cardiovascular conditions. This phenomenon often presents as elevated cardiac biomarkers and can lead to arrhythmias, heart failure, or even death.

Thrombotic events: COVID-19 has been linked to an increased risk of thrombotic events, including deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, and stroke. These events are primarily attributed to the hypercoagulable state triggered by the virus.

Long COVID: Emerging evidence suggests that long COVID, a condition in which symptoms persist for weeks or months after the acute infection, can involve cardiovascular complications. These complications may include persistent fatigue, chest pain, and exercise intolerance.

Pre-existing cardiovascular conditions and COVID-19

Individuals with pre-existing cardiovascular conditions, especially those over 65, face a higher risk of severe illness and death if they contract COVID-19. The virus can exacerbate underlying heart conditions, making it imperative for such individuals to take extra precautions.

Preventive measures and mitigation strategies

Understanding the cardiovascular implications of emerging infectious diseases is crucial for both healthcare professionals and the general public. Here are some preventive measures and mitigation strategies:

Vaccination: Widespread vaccination against emerging infectious diseases can significantly reduce the risk of infection and its associated cardiovascular complications. Encouraging vaccine acceptance is paramount.

Early detection: Healthcare providers should be vigilant for cardiovascular symptoms in patients with infectious diseases and promptly assess and manage them. Routine cardiac monitoring may be necessary, especially in severe cases.

Control cardiovascular risk factors: Reducing cardiovascular risk factors, such as hypertension, diabetes, and obesity, can mitigate the risk of severe outcomes in individuals who contract infectious diseases.

Public health education: Raising awareness about the cardiovascular implications of emerging infectious diseases can help individuals take appropriate precautions and seek timely medical attention if needed.

Conclusion

Emerging infectious diseases are not confined to their immediate, acute effects. Their impact on cardiovascular health is a significant concern. Understanding the bidirectional relationship between infectious diseases and the cardiovascular system is essential for healthcare professionals, policymakers, and the general public. By recognizing and addressing these implications, we can better prepare for and respond to emerging infectious diseases, ultimately reducing their overall impact on global health. The ongoing research in this field highlights the importance of interdisciplinary collaboration to develop comprehensive strategies for managing the complex interplay between infections and heart health.