Journal of Defense Management
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Combating Terrorism Evolving Indian Perspectives

Udhayakumar Kamaraj^{* *}Correspondence: Udhayakumar Kamaraj, Department of Defence and Strategic Studies, Guru Nanak College, Chennai, India, Email:

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Introduction

Terrorism is, in the broadest sense, the use of intentional violence for political or religious purposes. It is used in this regard primarily to refer to violence during peacetime or in the context of war against non-combatants mostly civilians and neutral military personnel. The terms "terrorist" and "terrorism" originated during the French revolution of the late 18^th century but gained mainstream popularity in the 1970’s during the conflicts of Northern Ireland, the Basque country and Palestine.

There are more than 100 definition of the word ‘terrorism’; these definitions are used by United Nations Organisation (UNO), the European Union, United States and other countries. The modern definition of terrorism is inherently controversial. The United Nations states that “the question of a definition of terrorism has haunted the debate among states for decades.” A first attempt to arrive at an internationally acceptable definition was made under the league of nations, but the convention drafted in 1937 never came into existence.

The UN member states still have not agreed upon a definition. The lack of agreement on a definition of terrorism has been a major obstacle to meaningful international counter measures. The increased use of suicide attacks from the 1980’s onwards was typified by the September 11 attacks in New York city and Washington, D.C. in 2001 [1,2].

Literature Review

What is terrorism?

As per United Nations security council report, terrorism is any act “intended to cause death or serious bodily harm to civilians or non-combatants with the purpose of intimidating a population or compelling a government or an international organization to do or abstain from doing any act”.

The causes of terrorism

The foundations for terrorism have many reasons a portion of the causes are; monetary reason and strict reason. Initial one the financial reason, it is brought about by the monetary variables for individuals. The shortfall of land changes, urbanization, joblessness, abuse of unfortunate workers via land proprietors, this causes disturbance and distress among individuals and the general public and it brings about the philosophical fear monger bunches like communist/maoist gatherings working under various names. This will prompt bigger issues on the off chance that it isn't settled in any case, any other way it will end up being a major issue and cause battling among individuals and the public authority. Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa and Bihar are profoundly impacted states in this issue [3-5].

Besides strict reason, once in a while the issue even emerges because of the strict convictions or their interest or conflict between a few religions and a few strict individuals. The issue in some cases become significantly greater and it transforms into terrorism, such as threatening the adversary religion individuals. This sort of cause even proceeds right up to the present day in the pieces of northern most India. For instance; in Punjab a few Sikh components having a place with various associations took to terrorism to request the production of a free state called Khalistan for the Sikhs. In J and K, Muslims having a place with various associations took to terrorism for clashing targets. This sort of issues prompts terrorism and the terrorism simply brings more the following more causes.

• Passing to individuals because of individuals battling and even honest people got between them.
• India confronted fourth biggest number of dread assaults on the planet to pollute politics of caste and religion.
• To carry out violent activities aimed at promoting religion.
• Increasing population.
• Poverty.
• Illiteracy.
• Maladjustment.
• Social, political system.
• Corruption.
• Economic disparity.
• Casteism.
• Economic disharmony.
• Many destructive weapons including guns, cannons, hydrogen bombs, machine guns, nuclear weapons, atom bombs, missiles. Also, read terrorism essay conclusion.

Types of terrorism in India

One of the most far and wide kinds of terrorism. This is since ethnic patriotism has huge power and capriciousness, and ethnic struggles have turned into a genuine issue for some nations, locales, and the whole world local area. These contentions depend on the inconsistency between the acknowledgment of the normal right of people groups to self-assurance and the guideline of public solidarity and regional respectability of the state [6]. The objective of ethnic terrorism is to protect and extend the privileges of an ethnic gathering in the political circle. While psychological oppressors, utilizing brutality to declare identity, call upon themselves the fire of state structures, it causes to notice the gathering and permits them to show up according to general society as a casualty, which further increments public reverberation, as well as offers monetary and political help.

Religious terrorism

Terrorist acts today are generally determined by strict objectives from one side of the planet to the other. Terrorists who are roused to some degree or completely by a strict goal, as per Hoffman, see viciousness as a heavenly commitment or a hallowed demonstration [7]. In contrast with other terrorist gatherings, it embraces unmistakable types of legitimization and defence, and these distinctive components make strict psychological oppression seriously harming in nature.

Discussion

Ideology oriented terrorism

Any ideology can be used to justify the use of terror and violence. Terrorism motivated by ideology is usually divided into two categories:

• Left-wing terrorism.
• Right-wing terrorism.

Left-wing terrorism

Savagery by the labourer class, for the most part enlivened by alleged radical convictions, has been executed against the decision tip top on a few events over the entire course of time. Socialists, for example, Lenin and Mao Tse-tung moved this thought in their works and addresses (Mao Zedong). All current social communications and political designs in an entrepreneur society, as per radical philosophy, are shady in nature, and a progressive change through fierce means is required. For Instance, the red armed force group or Baader Meinh of posse in previous West Germany, The maoist gatherings in India and Nepal are the most effectively recognizable gatherings closer home.

Right-wing terrorism

Conservative associations commonly mean to hold the norm or return to a past condition that they accept ought to have been protected. Conservative thoughts can here and there take on ethnic/bigoted suggestions too. They could urge the public authority to get land or meddle in an adjoining country to protect the freedoms of a "mistreated" minority (for example the nazi party in Germany). Psychological militant viciousness against transient populaces is likewise remembered for this classification. It's quite significant that religion can be a wellspring of help for traditional savagery. Instances of these are Nazism in Germany, fundamentalists in Italy, and so on [8].

Narco-terrorism

Narcoterrorism, in its unique sense, alludes to sedate dealers' endeavors to impact an administration's or alternately society's strategies by savagery and terrorizing, as well as to hinder the implementation of hostile to tranquilize regulation through the efficient danger or utilization of such viciousness. The accompanying regions or nations have present or past narcoterrorism or narco-war: Afghanistan, to subsidize exercises through opium and heroin deals in the Afghanistan war. The Bombay bombings were completed by India's D-organization, a Mumbai based wrongdoing group. Through their connections in Pakistani knowledge, they are supposed to be engaged with huge scope opiates dealing.

Cyber-terrorism

It's when the internet and psychological warfare impact. It alludes to unlawful assaults and dangers of assaults on PCs, organizations, and the data put away on them that are completed to scare or propel an administration or its residents chasing political or social objectives. For instance, PC infections, worms, malware, hacking, ransomware, phishing, and so on.

Bio-terrorism

Bioterrorism involves the deliberate release or spread of biological agents. In the same manner, as bacteria, viruses, insects, fungi, and/or toxins are used in biological warfare, these agents can be naturally occurring or human-modified. The last time plague corpses were used for biological warfare was in 1710, when Russian forces attacked Swedish troops by throwing plague-infected bodies over the city walls of Riga.

Cross-border terrorism

When the soil of one country is used to spread fear or engage in terror against its bordering countries, this is known as cross-border terrorism. India is a victim of cross-border terrorism, which has Pakistan as its source.

rs for cross-border terrorism are as follows

Interior help: Terrorists regularly get support from the nearby individuals for various reasons, including philosophical or ethnic partiality, dread, money related temptation, etc. Degenerate authorities: Sadly, numerous authorities in a country's organization can help terrorists and permit them to enter the country wrongfully for fear monger activities only for monetary profit. Permeable boundaries: These show that the line isn't very much secured. Because of extreme territory and different conditions, India's lines with a large portion of her neighbours can't be genuinely fixed or wired. Psychological militant associations exploit porous boundaries to enter another country. Backing from non-state entertainers: India's strained relationship with Pakistan upholds the last option's help for dissident gatherings, which the Pakistani initiative gives cash, weapons, and preparing.

Impacts of terrorism

It is an enormous test to global harmony and security, as well as a danger to humankind's fundamental standards of harmony and development. Psychological militant exercises weaken legislatures and obstruct financial and social advancement, notwithstanding the devastating human expense of illegal intimidation as far as lives lost or for all time adjusted. Fear based oppressor goes after every now and again rise above public limits. Fear based oppressor assaults with CBRNE (synthetic, natural, radiological, atomic, and explosives) materials have obliterating suggestions for individuals and foundation.

In Kashmir, the upper East, and less significantly Punjab, India faces psychological warfare from secessionists, as well as left-wing fanatic gatherings in focal, East-focal, and South-focal India. The 2008 Mumbai assaults were a progression of psychological militant attacks in November 2008 in which ten individuals from Lashkar-e-Taiba, a Pakistani Islamist fear monger association, did 12 composed shooting and bombarding tasks across Mumbai throughout the span of four days. India is perhaps of the most tormented country on the planet by fear. India was the seventh-most impacted country in 2018, as per the organization for financial matters and harmony. It was expressed that around 8000 individuals were killed in dread strikes in India somewhere in the range of 2001 and 2018. The territory of Jammu and Kashmir has been raised a ruckus around town by fear monger assaults in the country.

Terrorist incidents in India

India has suffered several terrorist attacks which created fear among the public and caused huge destruction. Here are some of the major terrorist attacks that hit India over the most recent couple of years: 1991-Punjab killings, 1993-Bombay bomb impacts, RSS besieging in Chennai, 2000-church besieging, red post terrorist attack, 2001-Indian parliament assault, 2002 Mumbai transport bombarding, assault on akshardham sanctuary, 2003-Mumbai besieging, 2004-Dhemaji school bombarding in Assam, 2005-Delhi bombings, Indian establishment of science shooting, 2006-Varanasi bombings, Mumbai train bombings, Malegaon bombings, 2007-Samjhauta express bombings, mecca masjid bombarding, Hyderabad bombarding, Ajmer dargah bombarding, 2008-Jaipur bombings, Bangalore sequential impacts, Ahmedabad bombings, Delhi bombings, Mumbai assaults, 2010-Pune besieging, Varanasi bombarding.

The new ones incorporate 2011-Mumbai besieging, Delhi bombarding, 2012-Pune besieging, 2013-Hyderabad impacts, Srinagar assault, Bodh Gaya bombings, Patna bombings, 2014-Chhattisgarh assault, Jharkhand impact, Chennai train bombarding, Assam savagery, Church road bomb impact, Bangalore, 2015-Jammu assault, Gurdaspur assault, Pathankot assault, 2016-Uri assault, Baramulla assault, 2017-Bhopal Ujjain traveler train besieging, Amarnath yatra assault, 2018 Sukma assault, 2019-Pulwama assault.

On 3 April 2021, the security personnel belonging to the central reserve police force’s elite CoBRA unit, the district reserve guard, and the special task force were ambushed in the tribal-dominated central Indian state of Chhattisgarh during an anti-insurgency operation. The fighting ensued when Indian security forces, acting on military intelligence, raided a rebel hideout in a densely forested area of Bijapur district. At least 22 Indian security personnel were killed and 30 injured in the ambush by maoist rebels that lasted for four hours in the border Sukma district, 540 km (340 miles) south of state-capital Raipur. The insurgents, who had also suffered casualties, had managed to seize the dead soldiers’ weapons. Later, a combing operation to locate one missing soldier was conducted. According to Bhupesh Baghel, chief minister of Chhattisgarh, the gun battle in the state's Bastar division saw the use of "bullets, grenades and rocket launchers" from both sides.

Steps taken by India to combat terrorism

The unlawful exercises (counteraction) alteration act 1967 is the ongoing regulation in India intended to battle all types of psychological oppression. Following the psychological oppressor assaults on Mumbai on November 26, 2001, the public authority laid out the public examination organization (NIA). Since the last part of the 1990’s, India has been pushing for a worldwide intergovernmental show called the exhaustive show on global illegal intimidation (CCIT) to battle psychological oppression. India is likewise an individual from the monetary activity team (FATF), a worldwide association devoted to forestalling tax evasion and psychological oppression supporting. India keeps an organization of knowledge offices, including the exploration and examination wing (crude), the insight department (IB), and others, that are entrusted with battling psychological warfare both inside and outside the country. There is likewise a public knowledge lattice (NATGRID), which is a coordinated insight structure that interfaces the data sets of Indian security organizations to gain far reaching insight designs that can be gotten to by Indian knowledge offices. The public safety watchman (NSG) is a paramilitary gathering accused of counter-illegal intimidation and hostile to seizing exercises.

Various counter-terrorism operations

• In 1990, Jammu and Kashmir launched operation rakshak, a counter-insurgency and counter-terrorism operation.
• In 2003, the Indian army launched operation sarp vinash to flush out militants from the Pir Panjal region in Jammu and Kashmir.
• Operation all out is a joint offensive launched by the United States and the United Kingdom.
• India advocates for a zero-tolerance policy against terrorism and is working to build a single approach to combat it.
• India has taken attempts to establish Joint Working Groups (JWGs) with other countries to discuss counter-terrorism and security issues. Other nations have signed bilateral treaties on Mutual Legal Assistance (MLATs) in criminal matters to expedite investigations, evidence collecting, witness transfers, location and action against proceeds of crime, and so on.

Suggestions

• To successfully cope with these rising difficulties, multilateral institutions and methods must be strengthened and changed.
• Countries affected by the scourge of terrorism should make a coordinated effort to put pressure on countries that engage in state-sponsored terrorism.
• Gathering and disseminating intelligence is insufficient; timely and proper action on the intelligence obtained is essential.
• To be able to respond in a timely manner, intelligence agencies must be financially and technologically empowered.
• Human rights violations and gaps in implementation should be addressed fairly and impartially, with impartiality, nonselectivity, openness, and appropriate regard for the principles of non-interference in internal affairs and national sovereignty.
• The COVID-19 pandemic has complicated the situation in many parts of the world, requiring everyone to work together to overcome these obstacles.

Conclusion

Terrorism has turned into a worldwide danger which should be controlled from the underlying level. Terrorism can't be constrained by the law authorizing organizations alone. Individuals on the planet will likewise need to join to confront this developing danger of terrorism.

To handle the hazard of terrorism, a multi-pronged methodology is required. In this unique situation, financial improvement is fundamentally important so weak segments of society don't succumb to the promulgation of psychological militants promising them abundance and value; and the organization, especially the help conveyance systems should be receptive to the authentic and well-established complaints of individuals so that these are reviewed quickly and can't be taken advantage of by fear monger gatherings. India necessities to take on a Spear Procedure is made out of areas of strength for a will, proactive activity and misleading publicity hardware to battle effectively against terrorism.

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