Immunome Research
Open Access

Commentary on Hepatitis Virus

Nathalie Nicolay^{* *}Correspondence: Nathalie Nicolay, Department of Immunology,Uppsala University, Sweden, Email:

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Introduction

Hepatitis is a condition in which the cells become inflamed. Hepatitis causes yellow coloring of the skin and whites of the eyes, as well as poor appetite, vomiting, weariness, abdominal pain, and diarrhoea in some people and animals. Hepatitis is classified as acute if it clears up in six months or chronic if it lasts longer than that. Acute hepatitis can go away on its own, progress to chronic hepatitis, or lead to acute liver failure. Chronic hepatitis can lead to liver scarring cirrhosis, liver failure, and even liver cancer.

Hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E are the most prevalent viruses that cause hepatitis. Heavy alcohol consumption, some drugs, toxins, various infections, autoimmune illnesses, and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis are among the other reasons. Hepatitis A and E are transmitted directly by tainted food and water. Hepatitis B is primarily transmitted through sexual contact, although it can also be given from mother to child during pregnancy or childbirth, as well as through infected blood. Hepatitis C is typically spread by infected blood, which can happen when intravenous drug users share needles. Only persons who have already been infected with hepatitis B can get hepatitis D. First most frequent type of hepatitis in the world is viral hepatitis. Five distinct viruses cause viral hepatitis. Hepatitis A and E are similar in that they're really fecal–oral infections that are more common in underdeveloped nations and are self-limiting illnesses that do not lead to chronic hepatitis. Hepatitis B, C, and D are spread when polluted plasma and body fluids, such as semen and cervical mucus, interacted with blood or mucosal membranes. Hepatitis C, unlike hepatitis B, tends to result in a chronic infection. Cirrhosis is affected by hepatitis C, which is the second most prevalent cause in the United States. Erythrocytes were a critical component in the spread of the hepatitis C virus. Since widespread hepatitis C testing of blood products, the risk of contracting hepatitis C from a blood transfusion has fallen from about 10% in 2 million today.

Parasites could also attack the liver and stimulate the immune system, resulting in acute hepatitis symptoms and elevated serum IgE levels though chronic hepatitis is possible with chronic infections. Pathogens such as Trypanosoma cruzi, Leishmania species, and malaria-causing Plasmodium species can all cause hepatic steatosis. Entamoeba histolytica, another protozoan, causes hepatitis with unique liver abscesses. The cestode Echinococcus granulosus, commonly known as the dog tapeworm, infects the liver and causes hepatic hydatid cysts to form. Hepatitis can also affect infants and can be caused by a variety of factors, some of which are not commonly observed in adults. Neonatal hepatitis can be caused by congenital or perinatal infection with hepatitis viruses, toxoplasma, rubella, CMV, or syphilis. Biliary atresia and choledochal cysts are structural anomalies that can cause cholestatic liver damage and newborn hepatitis. Glycogen storage disorders and lysosomal storage disorders are among the metabolic illnesses implicated. The Idiopathic neonatal hepatitis can occur, and biopsy commonly reveals big multinucleated cells in the liver tissue.