Medicinal & Aromatic Plants

Medicinal & Aromatic Plants
Open Access

ISSN: 2167-0412

+44 1300 500008

Research Article - (2016) Volume 5, Issue 4

Comparison Scent Compound Emitted from Flowers of Damask Rose and Persian Musk Rose

Akbar Karami* and Samira Jandoust
Department of Horticultural Science, College of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
*Corresponding Author: Akbar Karami, Department of Horticultural Science, College of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran, Tel: +987132286133 Email: ,

Abstract

Rose emits a great group of scent that is functional in their communication with their instantaneous environment. In this study, the chemical compositions of floral scent from Damask and Musk roses flowers were isolated at full bloom stage by using headspace extraction. The main floral headspace components in Damask rose were Phenylethyl alcohol (2-phenylethanol), β-citronellol, α-Pinene and Geranyl acetate however the main components in Musk rose were Phenylethyl alcohol, 1-Nonadecene, Heneicosane and n-Nonadecane. In the both of species, the relative percentage of Phenyl ethyl alcohol was main scent compound. β-citronellol, α-Pinene and Geranyl acetate were highest and a major component in the Damask rose however these components (except α-Pinene) were not detected in Musk rose. The results of this study indicated that a number of factors, including particular rose species and the genetic triggers for releasing fragrance, determine the amount of fragrance.

Keywords: Rosa sp.; Floral scent; Genotypes; Headspace

Introduction

The genus Rosa has involved about 200 species, only a few species among hundreds in the genus Rosa are scented, which involve Rosa damascenaMill., R. gallicaLinn., R. centifoliaLinn., R. moschataHerrm., R. bourbonianaDesportes., R. chinensisJacq., and R. alba Linn.Rosa has sixteen wild species in Iran of whichR. moschatawith the common names of Persian Musk rose, Nastrane Shiraz and Rose Anbar isdistributed in many local regions of the Iran [1-8].In addition,the Damask rose (R. damascena) is the most important species used to produce rose water, attar of rose, and essential oils in the perfume industry [6,9]. In Iranian traditional medicine, water rose of Damask rose and Persian Musk rose have been used to sedative, strengthen heart muscles, stomach, liver, spleen, nerves and intelligence [4,6]. This study aimed to evaluate and compare the floral scent headspace compounds and their content in Persian Musk rose vs. Damask rose as well as to provide useful information regarding the elucidation of biosynthetic pathways.

Materials and Methods

Plant materials

Flowers of Damask rose and Persian Musk rose were harvested from plants grown in Eram Botanical Garden (Shiraz – 57° 32' E, 29°37' N, Altitude 1486 m).

The headspace volatiles extraction

The headspace proceeded on the Combi PAL System that was provided with headspace auto-sampler, heater and agitator. The vial was heated to 45°C and retained for 20 min while being agitated; the temperature of the sampling needle and transmission line was 85°C.

Volatile oil analysis procedure

GC analysis was done using an Agilent gas chromatograph series 7890- A with a flame ionization detector (FID). GC-MS analysis was completed by using Agilent gas chromatograph, equipped with fused silica capillary HP-5MS column (30 m × 0.25 mm i.d.; film thickness 0.25 m) and coupled with 5975-C mass spectrometer. The constituents of the VOCs were identified by calculation of their retention indices under temperatureprogrammed conditions for n-alkanes (C8-C25) and the volatile oil on a HP-5 column under the same chromatographic conditions.

Results and Discussion

The chemical compositions of the volatile oils isolated from two species of Rosa including R. damascenaand R. moschata var. nastaranaflowers by using headspace extraction are presented in Table 1. The applied headspace GC-MS metabolite profiling resulted in the identification of a total of 31 and 21 compounds in Damask rose and Persian Musk rose respectively. The relative percentage of Phenylethyl alcohol wasas main compound in the both of rose species.The relative percentage of Phenylethyl alcohol was significantly increased to peak (54.15 ± 1.34%) at the full bloom stage of Persian Musk rose, but the highest quantity of this compound was 36.6 ± 2.05% in Damask rose. These results were in agreement with previous studies, who found a similar evolution of phenyl ethyl alcohol in the flower of R. hybrid and other genotypes of R. damascena[1,2,5,6,9,10].In the same way, Phenyl ethyl alcohol (2-Phenylethanol) is a prominent scent compound released from flowers of Damask roseand some hybrid roses such as Rosa ‘Hoh-Jun’ and Rosa ‘Yves Piaget’ [1,4,5].In the wild roses, from which R. hybridais resulting, floral scent are notice to be chemical signals between the plant and insects, the second including both pollinators and predators [9]. In previously study, it was show that the petal aroma such as Phenyl ethyl alcohols, which are known insect attractants for seed formation and dispersers [2,6].

Compound RIa % GC peak area
Damask Rose Musk Rose
Hexanol 861 0.05 ± 0 -
α-Pinene 931 14.153 ± 1.028 0.563 ± 0.155
Benzaldehyde 957 0.146 ± 0.081 -
Sabinene 970 0.34 ± 0.155 -
β-Pinene 974 0.916 ± 0.71 0.036 ± 0.062
β- Myrcene 988 0.833 ± 0.434 -
α-Terpinene 1014 0.113 ± 0.07 -
p-Cymene 1022 - 0.06 ± 0.104
Limonene 1025 0.19 ± 0.113 0.123 ± 0.131
Benzyl Alcohol 1029 0.186 ± 0.075 -
Benzene acetaldehyde 1041 - 0.103 ± 0.091
γ-terpinene 1055 0.223 ± 0.152 0.106 ± 0.184
α-Terpinolene 1086 0.06 ± 0 -
Linalool 1097 0.09 ± 0.014 -
Phenyl ethyl Alcohol 1110 36.6 ± 2.052 54.152 ± 1.34
trans-Rose oxide 1124 0.2 ± 0.096 -
Terpinene-4-ol 1174 0.07 ± 0 -
β-Citronellol 1225 35.53 ± 1.821 -
Neral 1238 0.615 ± 0.304 -
Geranyl acetate 1251 4.906 ± 0.833 -
2-Phenyl ethyl acetate 1254 - 0.377 ± 0.342
Geranial 1267 0.345 ± 0.403 -
Eugenol 1354 - 1.151 ± 0.088
n-Tetradecane 1401 0.29 ± 0 -
Methyl eugenol 1404 0.185 ± 0.077 -
dihydro-β-Ionone 1435 - 0.181 ± 0.314
E-(β)-Farnesene 1459 0.64 ± 0 -
(E)-β-Ionone 1482 - 1.431 ± 0.252
2-Phenyl propyl butanoate 1484 - 0.105 ± 0.182
Geranylpropanoate 1496 0.64 ± 0 -
n-Pentadecane 1496   0.14 ± 0.242
α-Selinene 1498 1.58 ± 0.675 -
1-Methylethyl ester 1670 0.18 ± 0 -
1-Heptadecene 1672 - 1.261 ± 0.152
n-Heptadecane 1695 0.646 ± 0.61 1.711 ± 0.067
1-Nonadecene 1865 - 15.576 ± 1.708
Hexadecen-1-ol 1866 0.18 ± 0 -
n-Nonadecane 1891 2.35 ± 0.385 8.147 ± 0.143
n-Octadecanol 2072 - 0.491 ± 0.45
Heneicosane 2098 0.21 ± 0 8.175 ± 0.801
1-Tricosene 2285 - 1.972 ± 0.416
n-Tricosane 2297 - 1.196 ± 0.071
Hexacosane 2554 0.21 ± 0 -
Total   97.057 ± 0.347 99.556 ± 0.561

aRI: Retention indices determined on HP-5MS capillary column

Table 1: Chemical compositions of floral scent of two Roses.

The percentages of β-citronellol(35.53 ± 1.82%)were observed as second major component of Damask rose by headspace methods;however this compound was not detected in Persian Musk rose.α-Pinene was the representative monoterpene hydrocarbons detected in the floral volatile and accumulated in Damask rose (14.15 ± 1.02%), however a trace amount (0.56 ± 0.15%) of this compound was found in Persian Musk rose.Acetate esters such as geranyl acetate are important contributors to the aroma of different rose flowers. The highest geranyl acetate(4.9 ± 0.83%) was detected in Damask rose. No quantity of this compound was detected in Persian Musk rose.During flower opening, the level of emission of acetate esters (geranyl acetate) reached to maximal levels at full bloom stage, and decreased in the last stages [6].

Conclusion

In general, the present investigation showed that the flowers of Damask rose differed in fragrance characteristics compared to Persian Musk rose. In addition, it was shown that in both of rose species, petal aromas are dominated by Phenyl ethyl alcohols, which are known insect attractants for seed formation and dispersers. In conclusion, the genetic factors affect volatile oil composition in rose. Consequently, there was high variation in floral scent levels in the different rose genotypes suggesting a key role of the genotype in the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites.

References

  1. Baldermann S, Yang Z, Sakai M, Fleischmann P, Watanabe N (2009) Volatile constituents in the scent of roses. Floricul Ornament Biotech 3: 89-97.
  2. Dobson HEM, Danielson EM, Wesep IDW (1999) Pollen odor chemicals as modulators of bumble bee foraging on Rosa rugosaThunb. (Rosaceae). Plant Sp Biol. 14: 153-166.
  3. Farhi M, Lavie O, Masci T, Hendel-Rahmanim K, Weiss D, et al. (2010) Identification of rose phenylacetaldehyde synthase by functional complementation in yeast. MolBiol 72: 235-245.
  4. Hirata H, Ohnishi T, Watanabe N (2016) Biosynthesis of floral scent 2-phenylethanol in rose flowers. BiosciBiotechnolBiochem.
  5. Honarvar M, Javidnia K, Khosh-Khui M (2011) Essential oil composition of fresh and dried flowers of Rosa moschata from iran. Chem Nat Compounds 47: 826-828.
  6. Karami A, Khosh-Khui M, Salehi H, Saharkhiz MJ (2013) Headspace analysis of floral scent from two distinct genotypes of Iranian Damask Rose (Rosa damascena Mill.). J Essent Oil Bear Plants 16: 489-498.
  7. Khosh-Khui M (2014) Biotechnology of scented roses: a review. Inter J HortSci Tech 1:1-20.
  8. Mozaffarian V (2013) Identification of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants of Iran. FarhangMoaser Publishing, IR.
  9. Rusanov K, Kovacheva N, Rusanov M, Atanassov I (2011) Traditional Rosa damascena flower harvesting practices evaluated through GC-MS metabolite profiling of flower volatiles. Food Chem 129: 1851-1859.
  10. Shalit M, Guterman I, Volpin H, Bar E, Tamari T, et al. (2004) Volatile ester formation in roses: Identification of an acetyl-coenzyme A. Geraniol/Citronellolacetyltransferase in developing rose petals. Plant Physiol 131: 1868-1876.
Citation: Karami A, Jandoust S (2016) Comparison Scent Compound Emitted from Flowers of Damask Rose and Persian Musk Rose. Med Aromat Plants 5:259.

Copyright: © 2016 Karami A, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Top