Journal of Horticulture
Open Access

Abstract

Longan is an important fruit crop of Asian countries, especially in China, Vietnam, and Thailand. It has an attractive color, taste, fragrance, and rich source of nutrients and other bioactive components. Longan fruit has three parts pericarp, aril, and seed. The white aril is an edible portion of this fruit, while peel and seed are generally discarded. It is an emerging economic fruit in the international market. Its production rises in Asian countries China, Thailand, Vietnam, and India in the last few years. It is consumed as fresh and in processed form like canned products and dried flesh. Longan fruit is also used as an ingredient in herbal medicines. Longan production in North Bihar would prove beneficial in crop diversification and the availability of fruits of the litchi group. There is also a high scope in processing industries and value addition such as frozen, canned food, flesh dried, and as a liqueur. Longan has great medicinal values. Dried longan flesh can use as an ingredient in many herbal medicines and also used as an antidote against poison. Longan is a very good fruit crop for processing industries and pharmaceutical industries. Ultimate farmers will get benefited with this fruit. Longan fetches higher price from domestic as well as the international market.

Keywords

Longan; Nutrients; Production; Bihar; Medicinal Value

Introduction

Longan (Dimocarpus longan Lour.) is an evergreen fruit tree species of the Sapindaceae family grown in the subtropical region [1]. It is native to Southern China and introduced into India in 1798 according to Groff. Longan falls under order Sapindales; family Sapindaceae; and sub-family Sapindoideae and has chromosome no. 2n=2x=30. Sapindaceae family exists many other fruits viz., litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.); Rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum L.); Pulasan (Nephelium mutabile Blume); Spanish lime (Melicoccus bijugatus Jacq.); Guarana (Paullinia cupana Kunth) and Ackee (Blighia sapida KD Koening). The longan fruit is known as 'dragon eyes' because of its round shape and translucent flesh, and the seed which resembles an eye. The longan is the subtler cousin or little brother of litchi. In Indian literature found that longan is not only originated in china but also southwestern India and the forest regions of Assam and the Garo hills. The introduction of the longan was into Florida from southern China by the United States Department of Agriculture in 1903 [2]. Based on morphological characters of pollen of cultivars and their wild species in China, and suggested the primary center of origin was Yunnan, and the secondary center of origin was Guangdong, Guangxi, and Hainan province in China [3].

This is one of the most economically important fruits, commonly cultivated in Asian countries. Longan is grown throughout South East Asia from tropical to subtropical. The leading producing countries in the world are China, Vietnam, Thailand and India [4]. In India, longan is mainly cultivated in West Bengal and North Bihar [5]. Longans are capable of growing throughout India, from the northeastern borders to the southern parts of India. In India, the longan industry is still now at the infancy stage.

Longan fruits usually are eaten fresh and fruits having immense value. The edible portion of this fruit is a fleshy aril, which is rich in sugar. The nutritional composition of longan fruit may vary widely depending on types of cultivar, climatic condition, growing soil type and soil fertility [6].The edible portion of fruits for export quality is 67%-78% of whole fruit weight. Longan is a very rich source of nutrients and bioactive compounds. it is a good source of energy and it contains good amounts of carbohydrates, protein, iron, phosphorus, calcium, and vitamins especially have more vitamin C than litchi fruits. The longan fruits also high in sugar content. The T.S.S. was recorded in cultivars Wu (17.8 %) and Ku [7]. Longan fruit has greater importance in Chinese medicines.

Status of Longan in India

Longan is commercially grown in China, Thailand, Vietnam and few parts of India among the world. China is the leading producing country in the world while in India it is cultivated in West Bengal and North Bihar and Bengal is a prominent longan grower. Though longan is not as popular in India like litchi than in other Asian countries. In India, it is usually imported from Thailand. This exchange between countries was facilitated by trade talks occurring in 2006 and 2012. The aims of such types of agreements were lowering tariffs and increasing longan's marketing efforts in India. Longan is a humid tropical fruit crop but it is capable of growing throughout India, from the South up to Northeastern borders. As explained in the book, “Minor Fruit Crops in India,” the longan grows best in tropical regions with mild summers and winters and even rainfall.

At ICAR-National Research Centre for Litchi in Muzaffarpur are doing an evaluation and propagation experimental studies from 2004 to boost longan cultivation in India. Recent studies by the scientists of National Research Centre showed that the longan is well-performing on a par with litchi. The NRC's scientists also distributed longan saplings to the farmers of North Bihar's villages like Minapur, Mehsi, and Kanti among litchi growers. In current, these plants well survived in agro-climatic conditions of North Bihar.

Importance And Uses

Composition and nutritive value

Longan is a very good source of nutrients and bioactive compounds such as phenolic and flavonoid. The energy value of this fruit is 458 kJ/100 g. Fruits are very rich in sugar content and their TSS content varies from 14.430 B to 20.060 B while titratable acidity 0.10% to 0.20% [8].Longan fruit contains 82.4 g moisture, 15.8 g carbohydrates, 0.1 g fat, 1 g protein, 0.7 g ash, 0.4 g fiber, 10 mg calcium, 42 mg phosphorus and 1.2 mg iron per 100 g. Longan fruit contains K 324.9 mg, Cu 0.26 mg per 100 g while they provide 3% to 5% of the DRI for macro and micro-nutrients such as P, Mn, Mg, Fe, and Zn [9]. Longan content Ascorbic acid varies from 55.26 mg to 76.26 mg/100 g [8]. And also contains Nicotinic acid (1.3 mg.), Ash (0.7 g.), Thiamine (0.01 mg.) all are per 100 gm.

Uses

Processed products

Longan fruit is mainly consumed as fleshy fruit but is also used as frozen, dried and canned products [10]. The canned products of longan retain better flavor than rambutan and litchi. Its dried aril is usually used for preparing a fresh drink that is very popular among the people of China and wine is also prepared from the flesh [11]. Its flesh, pericarp, seed, flower, and leaves are used in herbal and Chinese medicines.

Medicinal uses

 Longan fruit is rich in nutrients and bioactive compounds and has great medicinal value. Since ancient times pericarp of longan fruit is used as traditional medicines to boost human immunity. The dried flesh of longan fruit is used as an ingredient in many Chinese herbal medicines which is cured insomnia and stomach ache and dried flesh is also used as an antidote for poison. It contains a good amount of saponin which's why its seed is used in shampoo making. The dried leaves having anticancer properties due to quercetin and quercitrin. Flowers of longan are also used as an ingredient of Chinese herbal medicines. It is also cured of yin, agitation, palpitation, excessive sweating and panic attacks. Longan is also used as a memory enhancer [12].

Species And Varieties

Important species of Longan

The recently revised genus Dimocarpus was published in 1971 and some minor additional modifications did in 1994. In genus, Dimocarpus has reported six species of trees and shrubs, namely D. longan; D. dentatus; D. gardneri; D. foveolatus; D. famuta and D. australianus. First five species are existed in Asia and spreading from Sri Lanka and India to Eastern Malaysia, and the last one is found in Australia [1,13]. An additional three species are more have been reported from 1974 to 1983, namely Dimocarpus yunnanensis [14], Dimocarpus confins [15], Dimocarpus leichhardtii [16]. Out of six subspecies, four species belong to D. fumatus whereas; the remaining two subspecies belong to D. longan [17]. The most commonly cultivated species is D. longan and known as longan. The Dimocarpus longan ssp. longan var. longan is also known as commercial longan [18]. Dimocarpus longan contains two subspecies and five varieties. The most commercially important species for consumption is Dimocarpus longan ssp. longan var. longan is spread from Myanmar to Southern China, S.W. India and Sri Lanka [19].

Important varieties

In India there are not more varieties available in this crop only one variety has been developed from ICAR-NRC Litchi, Muzaffarpur and further improvement research work are going on this crop.

Gandaki Longan

The variety which is developed by India. It is an early maturing, regular bearing and good in fruiting quality. The aril percentage is 69% to 74% and TSS is 20^oB to 23^oB [20].

Soil and climatic conditions

Longan is an evergreen subtropical tree and well adapted in tropical climatic conditions. Red loamy soil rich in organic matter is good for its cultivation. It required annual rainfall of about 1,500 mm. water stresses and drought conditions may affect its productivity. Drought during the flowering and fruit set period can reduce fruit productivity. For a good flowering optimum temperature of 15-22^oC is required for 2 to 3 months. It is very sensitive to frost and chilling injury. Generally, day temperature more than 40^oC and night temperature more than 25^oC is unfavorable for the growth and development of fruit and it leads to fruit drop. The soil and climatic condition of North Bihar are suitable for its cultivation. The annual rainfall of Bihar is 1205 mm that is not much less than its required rainfall [21,22]. In North Bihar, few litchi growers also planted longan plants and now they survived well and also produce good flowering and fruiting.

Propagation and planting

Similarly litchi, longan can be propagated from seed and through vegetative propagation methods such as cutting, budding, grafting, inarching and layering. Longan loses seed viability very quickly. Seed propagate plants take a longer time (7-8 years) to fruiting and planting material is also not true to type. Air layering is a most successful method than others among vegetative propagation. In air layering success rate is very high about 80%-90% [10]. Select healthy and strong shoot 2.5 cm in diameter or pencil thickness for air layering. Remove a strip of bark to the cambium layer about 45 to 60 cm from the tip of the shoot. Wrap with a plastic bag filled with sphagnum moss and tied plastic. Air layer should remove after 2-4 months [23]. The best time for planting longan saplings is the onset of the monsoon. The pit should prepare two weeks before planting and should be left for solar sterilization. The ideal size for pit is 60x 60x 60 cm. At the time of planting, we should remove polybags from air-layered seedlings and should plant them into the prepared pit. Spacing varies from 6 x 6 m to 10 x 10 m from plant to plant and row to row. The spacing depends upon soil and climatic conditions, manure, and fertilizers and varieties [24].

Care After Planting

Irrigation

Watering should be done regularly in young plants to facilitate the establishment and growth of trees. Once trees start to bear fruits, irrigation should be applying regularly from flowering through harvest [22]. An ideal annual rainfall is required for good production of longan between 1200 to 1400 mm over 100-150 rainy days during panicle emergence to the maturation of vegetative flush. Irrigation is withdrawn before the next year flowering so that water stress condition promotes initiation of flowers for the next year's crop. Water loss can be reduced from the soil through mulching and also reduce soil temperature [25].

Training and pruning of tree

After 3-4 years of planting, trees are subjected to formative pruning to obtain a proper open canopy. Remove all the branches and only 3 to 4 scaffold branches with broad crotch angle are left to obtain a good structure of a tree. Skirt or lower hanging branches should maintain at 1 to 2 m above the ground level. The height of the tree should maintain 3 to 4 m for easy care and other practices. In China at every growth of flush they retained one strong branch to form a natural round shape with 6-10 main branches [22-23].

Manures and fertilizers management

Nutrient management is the main factor affecting production. The recommended dose of organic fertilizer is about 10 kg/tree/year, should apply 3 to 4 times within a year. The first application of fertilizer is done two weeks after harvesting to encourage new growth of flush. Inorganic fertilizer should apply (20:10:10) at the rate of 1 kg/tree along with organic manure at the rate of 6 to 10 kg/tree. It will help in the fruit set. The third application of fertilizer should be done two weeks after the fruit set same as the second application and it will help in the growth and development of fruit. The final application should be at the seed maturation stage by applying inorganic fertilizer (14:14:21) at the rate of 2 to 3 kg/tree [21]. In medium fertile soil, fertilizer should apply at the rate of 1:0.4:0.9: N: P2O5:K2O with active agents to improve the yield [26]. Fertilizer should apply at four times during the entire crop cycle. First at panicle emergence (October-November) second at one month before the fruit set (January-February) third at one month after the fruit set (March-April) and final at two weeks after harvesting of the crop during June-July [23].

Fruit Growth And Development

Flowering and fruiting

The fruits of longan are borne in clusters and the development of fruit in litchi and longan is similar [19]. The inflorescences of longan fruit trees are compound dichasia with duodichogamy condition borne terminal and usually leafless, erect with branched panicle. The length of longan inflorescence or panicle is ranged from 8 to 60 cm [27]. The flowers of longan are unisexual and flowers bloom in three stages or three waves depending upon genotypes and climatic conditions [28]. Longan has three kinds of flowers viz., staminate flowers (M₁), functionally female flowers (F) and functionally male flowers (M₂). The first wave consists of F flowers with few M₂ flowers, the second of M₂ flowers with a lot of M₁ flowers and the third wave of M₁ flowers with few F flowers. While in litchi the first wave of M₁, second of F and third of M₂ flowers [29]. Staminate flowers (M₁) open first, followed by female flower (F) and in final wave male with rudimentary pistil flowers (M₂) open [30]. The ovary of female flowers is carpellate usually only one locule develops into fruit. Longan is cross-pollinated and pollination is most effective between 08.00- 14.00 hours which is done by various insects and mainly by honeybees.

The fruit set is done within 7 days after pollination. The period between fruit set to fruit development until harvesting depends on the cultivar and climatic condition, i.e. 90-105 days. The edible portion of longan fruit is translucent fleshy white aril [25,31]. The seed of longan fruit is surrounded by white fleshy aril. The flavor of fruit's pulp is similar to litchi pulp. Longan is a single-seeded fruit. After fertilization finally, each panicle has remains 60 to 80 fruits till maturity [27].

Harvesting and storage

Generally, air layered tree starts fruiting in the third to the fourth year after planting. Longan fruits take 4 to 6 months from flowering to harvesting that's depends on the cultivars and growing climatic condition. In general, longan gives yields 2 to 5 kg/tree in the fourth year but after fifteen years it yields 150 to 200 kg/tree. Longan is a non-climacteric fruit in nature. The maturity of longan fruit is determined by fruit shape, skin color and fruit taste [21]. The taste of immature longan fruit is tasteless [27]. Harvesting should be done twice at an interval of 7 to 10 days. The shelf life of longan frit is very low and the declining visual appearance of fruit and also a reduction in qualities. Longan fruit can be stored at ambient or room temperature for 3 to 4 days. Stored at 1 to 5^oC temperature resulting in aril breakdown and declined visual appearance of the fruit. Storage of fruit in a controlled atmosphere at 4% to 6% O₂ and 6% to 8% CO₂ with 85% to 95% relative humidity for long storage life [32].

Physiological Disorders

Skin splitting

Skin splitting is occurred due to heavy rain or sudden uptake of water during the fruit development phase and aril expands faster than skin during this stage, resulting in skin splits [32].

Aril breakdown

Softening of aril or breakdown of aril starts near the pericarp and appears more prevalent at the distal end of the fruit. It is observed in over matured fruit and in this turgidity and translucency losses and fruit become bland in test [32].

Pericarp browning

Browning of pericarp occurred due to increasing high temperature beyond the 40^oC and prolonged water stress [33].

Insect-pest and diseases

There are no major insect pests and diseases in longan cultivation in India.

Future thrust

Longan production in North Bihar would prove beneficial in crop diversification and the availability of fruits of the litchi group. There is also a high scope in processing industries and value addition such as frozen, canned food, flesh dried and as a liqueur. There is also a need for standardized cultivation protocols in Indian conditions because very little or no information is available on the cultivation of longan in India. There is also only a single variety that has developed from ICAR-NRC Litchi, Muzaffarpur and no other variety is available in India. So, need to work on the improvement of the crop. The farmer has sought the intervention of National Horticulture Mission and National Horticulture Board to initiate efforts in supplying sapling and fertilizer to longan growers in North Bihar for increasing cultivated areas under the longan fruit [34].

Longan fruit mature and ripen in the hot season. It has a short shelf life (3 to 4 days) at room temperature. We have to standardized storage conditions for longan fruit which does not affect fruit quality and also expands processing protocols for this crop. Most postharvest research has focused on reducing post-harvest losses and maintains high fruit quality [35,36]. Research on postharvest biology and technology for longan fruit has advanced at a rapid stage [Figures 1-3].

Figure 1: Longan tree.

Figure 2: Initial stage of fruits.

Figure 3: leaves, fruits and seeds.

Discussion

When flowering in litchi is over, that period longan bear profuse flowering and provides enough pollen and nectar to honey bees for honey production. That's why longan is very source of honey production when litchi and mango flowering are over and longan is a cross-pollinated crop so honeybees also help in increasing natural fruit set, ultimate it will effect on yield.

Conclusion

Longan has great medicinal values. Dried longan flesh can use as an ingredient in many herbal medicines and also used as an antidote against poison. Longan is a very good fruit crop for processing industries and pharmaceutical industries. Ultimate farmers will get benefited with this fruit. Longan fetches higher price from domestic as well as the international market.

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Author Info

Ajay Kumar^1*, A.K. Gupta², Neeharika Kanth³, Achyut Suman³, S.K. Yadav⁴ and Joy Rudra Paul^{3 1}Department of Agricultural Research & Education, ICAR-Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
²Department of Mathematics, Scientist, ICAR-Central Institute for Subtropical Horticulture, Lucknow, UP, India
³Department of Horticulture, Central Agricultural University, Pusa, Bihar, India
⁴Department of Physics, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, U.P, India

Citation: Kumar A, Gupta AK, Kanth N, Suman A, Yadav SK, Paul JR (2022) Cultivation Of Longan (Dimocarpus Longan Lour) In Bihar Condition. J Hortic. 9:003

Received: 18-Feb-2022, Manuscript No. horticulture-22-15208; Editor assigned: 21-Feb-2022, Pre QC No. HORTICULTURE-22-15208 (PQ); Reviewed: 07-Mar-2022, QC No. HORTICULTURE-22-15208; Revised: 11-Mar-2022, Manuscript No. HORTICULTURE-22-15208 (R); Published: 18-Mar-2022 , DOI: DOI: 10.35248/2376-0354.22.9.002

Copyright: © 2022 Kumar A, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.