Development and Validation of an Instrument that Assesses Individual Differences in Threat and Challenge Appraisal

Joe Tomaka^1*, Rebecca L. Palacios¹, Camilla Champion² and Stormy Monks³

¹Department of Public Health Sciences, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, USA

²Department of Applied Statistics, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, USA

³Department of Emergency Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Texas, USA

^*Corresponding Author: Joe Tomaka, Department of Public Health Sciences, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003575-646-3525, USA, Tel: 575-646-3525 Email:

Keywords: Appraisal; Threat Challenge; Stress; Coping; ACTS Scale; Scale development

Introduction