Internal Medicine: Open Access
Open Access

Diversity of Antimicrobial Resistance Genes in Multi-Drug Resistant (MDR) Coagulase- Presence of (CoNS)

Daniel Don^{* *}Correspondence: Daniel Don, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan, Email:

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Description

On resistance plasmids or transposons, of genes, multidrug resistance in the bacteria occurs by the accumulation, by the action of the multidrug efflux pumps, each of which can pump out more than one drug type or with each coding for resistance to a specific agent. As well as for the farm animals and for fish in aquaculture even for the human therapy large amounts of the antibiotics used, resulted in the selection of the pathogenic bacteria resistant to the multiple drugs. By one of among the two mechanisms multidrug resistance in the bacteria can or may be generated. Each coding for the resistance to a single drug within a single cell, first these bacteria may accumulate into multiple genes. On the resistance (R) plasmids this accumulation occurs typically by the increased expression of the genes code for the multidrug efflux pumps, extruding a wide range of drugs. Added multidrug resistance may also occur.

Identification and profiling of pathogens are necessary for tracking the epidemiology and treatment of infections. We are proposing the use of the silkworm models for the evaluation of novel drug candidates and investigating host-pathogen interaction processes. In addition to clinically relevant antimicrobial agents, these isolates showed reduced susceptibility to benzalkonium chloride; a non-target specific biocidal disinfectant, which may allow for persistence in the environment and subsequent transmission on to a suitable host. This is the first study to describe the appearance of multiple antimicrobials resistant S. capitis strain in a non-hospital setting. Genomic DNA of three isolates was extracted and analyzed by Next-generation sequencing using a Personal Genome Machine. Sequence results identified the isolated strains as Staphylococcus capitis and Staphylococcus haemolyticus. From the beginning assembly analysis of the NGS data was performed. Suggesting the origin of the multiple antimicrobial-resistant phenotypes, genomic annotation demonstrated the presence of multiple antibiotic-resistant genes in the bacteria. The presence of a plethora of genes responsible for AMR indicates that S. haemolyticus and S. capitis could present a potential threat to the human health. As a foothold to other clinically-relevant pathogens towards transference of antimicrobial resistance-conferring foreign genetic elements environmentally mobilized MDR bacteria serves.

Conclusion

The resistance status of isolates representing an individual or a population is determined by susceptibility testing. Surveillance programs must accurately identify and monitor levels of resistance in order to effectively respond to susceptibility problems or emerging resistance threats. Yet, the unbiased accuracies of the common susceptibility testing methods (disk diffusion and broth microdilution) are unknown. Therefore, resistance information from these tests might provide false impressions of the true status of resistance. It is unlikely that mitigation strategies that are based on inaccurate information will be as useful as those based on unbiased estimates. The ability of each test to correctly identify resistance and nonresistance to different antimicrobial drug and organism combinations is determined without assuming the superiority of one test over the other. However, results of this project show that disk diffusion can be an appropriate choice for susceptibility testing when conducting surveillance for antimicrobial resistance.