Applied Microbiology: Open Access
Open Access

Endophytic Fungi: Cell Factories that Generate Novel Medicinal Substances

Okhawilai Asano^{* *}Correspondence: Okhawilai Asano, Department of Mycology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City, Taiwan, Email:

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Description

Chemical variety with therapeutic potential has been obtained from cellular factories, including endophytic fungi. The prospect of bioactive compounds that have been separated from endophytic fungus as potential treatments for conditions related to inflammation. The biological and structural elements of the anticancer, antiobesity, anti-gout, and immunomodulatory medicinal chemistries that have been found from endophytic fungus.

Tree growth and soil nitrogen microbial release are affected by low temperatures in surrounds of alpine treelines. While ectomycorrhizal fungi can help trees obtain more nitrogen, it is yet unknown how significant this carbon-for-nitrogen exchange is at the treeline. According to our bomb radiocarbon data, fungus received carbon fixed about two years earlier from trees. Since the carbon allocated to fungal caps resembled that of fine-root starch closely, it is likely that the allocated carbon includes sugars involved in starch production. The analysis evaluated the mass balance of nitrogen isotopes across the plant-fungi-soil continuum and observed that Pinus mugo trees (up to 41%) were more dependent on fungal nitrogen (0%-35% of N uptake) than Larix decidua trees. According to our estimates, treeline trees can give fungus up to 18% of their sunlight.

Elevated Nitrogen (N) intake alters the proper features of the plant-soil-microbe systems, which in turn impacts the cycling of nutrients from the soil. In order to address global N deposition to clarify mutualistic symbiotic relations, particularly those including Ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi. To examine the function of ECM fungus in the dynamic interaction between plant-soil-microbe stoichiometry and the distribution of plant biomass, we performed a ten-month controlled experiment. During the trial, artificial plantations of Eucalyptus seeds were inoculated with native ECM fungi, as N proved constantly given at four various concentrations.

The structural equation model was applied to explore the effects of N and ECM a fungus on stoichiometric features and plant biomass allocation. Based on that, providing N leads the amount of phosphorus and biomass of eucalyptus roots to decline. P content thereby controls the C:P and N:P ratios, lowers the Root Mass Ratio (RMF), indicating an inverse correlation with the chemical stoichiometry of the root. Eucalyptus exhibits decreasing root biomass and RMF during the ECM fungal inoculation in contrast to a non-inoculated treatment. Moreover, the Microbial Biomass Carbon (MBC), Microbial Biomass Nitrogen (MBN), and Microbial Biomass Phosphorous (MBP) content rise with N addition, but the MBC: MBN ratio drops. Notably, MBC with ECM fungus inoculation is much higher in the 10 mm N addition condition compared to the non-inoculated

Soil total Carbon content is significantly greater in the 10 mm and 20 mm N addition treatments compared to the other treatments. While adding N raises the limits of C and P in the soil, its effects on other soil enzymes are inconsistent. On another hand, the inoculation of ECM fungus reduces both nutritional constraints. The structural equation framework shows that the main way that plant biomass allocation develops through the interaction between ECM fungus and N addition, which affects soil chemical stoichiometry. Global N deposition has a significant impact on the dynamic relationships between plants, soil, and microorganisms and that ECM fungus are crucial in mitigating these nutrient deficiencies.

Eucalyptus stoichiometric features are simultaneously regulated by ECM fungus, leading to a decrease in biomass allocation to the belowground section and an increase in biomass aboveground. The significance of taking subterranean microbial processes into account when developing methods for managing forest ecosystems with the goal of reducing the effects of global nitrogen deposition. In particular, using ECM fungus symbiotic capacity to improve ecosystem stability in the face of persistent environmental problems.

The physio-biochemical processes that control the growth period of crops are essential for adapting to drought. However, it is still unclear how much the functionality of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AM fungi) changes during the course of maize growth during droughts. In order to evaluate the periodic functionality of two distinct AM fungi, namely Rhizophagus irregularis and Glomus monosporum, the maize was subjected to three distinct soil moisture gradients: well-watered (80% SMC), moderate drought (60% SMC), and severe drought (80% SMC) during the jointing, silking, and pre-harvest stages. AM fungus had a substantial (p <0.05) impact on a range of morpho-physiological and biochemical parameters at different stages of maize growth. As the plants grew older, AM fungus improved glomalin levels, microbial biomass, and root colonization, which promoted nutrient uptake.

Increased pigments from sunlight and photosynthesis are markers that this increased AM fungal activity eventually improved photosynthetic efficiency. During crucial growth stages including silking and pre-harvest, R. irregularis and G. monosporum significantly increased water use efficiency and mycorrhizal reliance, suggesting their potential for drought resilience to sustain yield. The significance of early-stage sensitivity was emphasized by the principal component analysis, which revealed different plant responses to drought throughout growth stages and AM fungus. These highlight the possibility of using AM fungus in agricultural management strategies to improve metabolic and biochemical responses, which in turn may improve yield and drought tolerance in dryland maize farming.