Journal of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine
Open Access

Expression and Prognostic Value of Carbonic Anhydrase IX (CA-IX) in Bladder Urothelial Carcinoma

An-Ping Xiang^*, Xiao-Nong Chen, Peng-Fei Xu, Si-Hai Shao and Yue-Fan Shen ^*Correspondence: An-Ping Xiang, Department of Urology, The First People’s Hospital of Huzhou, #158,Square Road, Huzhou 313000, China, Email:

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Introduction

Bladder urothelial carcinoma is a common disease worldwide, and its mortality rate ranks 13^th [1]. At present, imaging examination and cystoscopy are the principal clinical diagnosis methods, and surgery is the clinical treatment method. Early diagnosis can significantly improve the treatment effect and cure rate [2]. Therefore, it is very important to find tumor markers for bladder urothelial carcinoma, because early detection of tumors can reduce the economic burden [3].

Bladder cancer can be divided into non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) and muscle invasive bladder cancer (MIBC), Non-muscle invasive bladder cancer occurs in approximately 70 to 80 percent of patients with primary diagnosis [4]. Transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT) is the main treatment method for non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer, while radical cystectomy is required for muscle-invasive bladder cancer [5]. Due to the characteristics of multiple lesions and easy recurrence of bladder cancer [6], a lot of numbers have the recurrence after TURBT or radical cystectomy and were forced to undergo reoperation or radiotherapy and chemotherapy [7], which added pain to the patients and caused Potential doctor-patient conflict, and the tumor-specific survival rate of patients is reduced. Pathological staging and grading of postoperative specimens are the main key indicators for predicting prognosis, but this traditional method has certain limitations. Finding fast and convenient tumor markers is a hot spot in clinical work, which can guide doctors to intervene in advance for patients with poor prenatal pregnancy, so as to reduce tumor recurrence and progression [8].

It CA-IX is a member of the CA family [9], which is expressed on the cell membrane and participates in the reaction of carbon dioxide and bicarbonate in human cells [10]. The main role is to regulate the acid-base stability of cells under hypoxic environment, so that cells can tolerate hypoxia. Current studies have found that CA-IX is a new type of tumor antigen, which is involved in the formation and invasion of tumors, so that tumors still have strong viability under hypoxic conditions [11]. Hypoxia and low pH environment can promote the invasion and metastasis of cancer cells. A number of studies have revealed that CA-IX can be highly expressed in a variety of malignant tumors. It has been reported in the literature that the expression of CA-IX is related to the migration and invasion of renal cancer, lung cancer, and breast cancer [12]. It CA-IX is expected to be a good tumor marker for predicting tumor recurrence [13,14].

Objects and Methods

Objects

A total of 245 patients were diagnosed with bladder urothelial carcinoma and underwent transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TUTBT) in the Department of Urology of the First People's Hospital of Zhejiang Huzhou City from January 2014 to January 2016 were selected. 42 cases were lost to follow-up, 9 cases with incomplete data. Specimens of all enrolled patients were confirmed by the pathology department of our hospital. There were 145 males and 49 females; 76 cases were <60 years old, and 118 cases were ≥60 years old, with an average age of 62.3±12.2 years old. The WHO 2004 grading method was used for histological grading. 80 cases were well differentiated and 114 cases were poorly differentiated; Pathological staging was performed using the 2009 TNM staging system (UICC) <T1 105 cases, T1 89 cases. All the included patients were excluded from lymph node and organ metastasis before surgery, and did not receive any radiotherapy, chemotherapy, immunotherapy or targeted therapy before surgery. The content of this study has been approved by the Ethics Committee of our hospital.

Reagents

Rabbit anti-human CA-IX polyclonal antibody, mouse anti-human Ki-67 monoclonal antibody, immunohistochemistry EnVision kit, and DAB chromogenic kit were purchased from Fuzhou Maixin Biotechnology Development Co.Ltd.

Take the archived wax block, make 3 serial sections of 4μm thickness with a tissue microtome, 1 section is stained with HE, and the other 2 sections are attached to the glass slides pretreated with L-polylysine. The oxidase blocking solution was incubated at room temperature, soaked and rinsed in PBS, then placed in 0.01 mol/L citrate buffer (pH 6.0) for microwave repair, and cooled to room temperature. Blocked with 10% normal goat serum, incubated at room temperature, and added CA-IX and Ki-67 primary antibodies (1:100) overnight at 4°C. Add biotin-labeled secondary antibody dropwise, and then dropwise add horseradish peroxidase-labeled streptavidin. DAB staining, hematoxylin counterstains, and neutral gum mounting. Known positive sections were used as positive controls and phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) was used instead of primary antibodies as negative controls. Positive and negative control groups were set in each experiment. The experimental steps were strictly in accordance with the reagent instructions.

Judgment of results

CA-IX is located in the cell membrane, and the corresponding position is light yellow to dark brown as the positive expression of the cell. Randomly select 10 high-power fields for each slice, count the total number of cells and the number of positive cells, and score according to the percentage of positive cells: <10% is 0 points, 10%-50% is 1 point, 51%-75% is 2 Score, 76%-100% is 3 points; according to the staining intensity score: 1 point for no staining, 2 points for light staining, 3 points for medium staining, and 4 points for dark staining. The product of the positive cell percentage score and the color intensity score is used as the judgment result: ≤3 is divided into no expression (-), 4 to 6 is divided into low expression, and 7 to 12 is divided into high expression. In the end, no expression or low expression is regarded as negative expression of CA-IX; high expression is regarded as positive expression of CA- IX. Two senior pathologists used a double-blind method to read the film.

Statistical processing

SPSS 21.0 statistical software was used for statistical processing, the research data obeyed a normal distribution, and the χ² test was used. P<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Divided 194 bladder cancer patients into positive and negative groups according to the expression intensity of CA-IX; the correlation between the expression intensity of CA-IX and various parameters were analyzed. Single-factor and multi-factor Logistic regression analysis of related parameters was performed to find independent risk factors for predicting the recurrence of bladder cancer after resection. The Kaplan-Meier survival curve was drawn based on the expression intensity of CA-IX, and the postoperative recurrence of the two groups was compared.

Results

Expression of CA-IX in bladder-related tissues

Immunohistochemistry showed that CA-IX was expressed on the cell membrane, but the intracellular expression was not obvious. The positive rate of CA-IX in bladder urothelial carcinoma was 68.1% (132/194), the positive rate in adjacent tissues was 44.3% (186/194), and the positive rate in normal tissues was 27.3% (53/194). The expression of CA-IX in bladder urothelial carcinoma was significantly higher than that in adjacent tissues and normal tissues (P<0.05). The expression intensity of CA-IX in bladder urothelial carcinoma tissue was significantly higher than that in adjacent tissue and normal tissue. Details are in (Figures 1-3 and Table 1).

Figure 1: CA-IX is diffusely expressed in bladder urothelial carcinoma, expressed on the cell membrane (SP method, ×100).

Figure 2: CA-IX is focally expressed in bladder urothelial adjacent tissues, which is cell membrane expression (SP method, ×100).

Figure 3: CA-IX is focally expressed in normal bladder tissue, expressed on the cell membrane (SP method, ×100).

Table 1: Expression of CA-IX in bladder urothelial carcinoma tissues and other tissues.

General clinical information

During the study period, a total of 245 patients were enrolled, and all patients had their tumors resected successfully, and the specimens were confirmed by the pathology department. A total of 194 cases were followed up for 5 years, 42 cases were lost to followup, and 9 cases were incomplete information. There were 145 males and 49 females; 76 cases were <60 years old, 118 cases were ≥60 years old, with an average age of 62.3±12.2 years old; 105 cases were <T1, 89 were T1; There are 80 cases of high differentiation and 114 cases of poor differentiation; 83 cases of single tumor and 111 cases of multiple tumors; 72 cases of tumor diameter ≥3 cm, 122 cases of tumor diameter <3 cm; 76 cases had at least one recurrence during the 5-year follow-up period, and 118 cases had no recurrence; CAIX expression was positive in 132 cases and negative in 62 cases. According to the expression of CA-IX, the research subjects were divided into positive group and negative group, and the age, gender, T stage, degree of differentiation, tumor number, tumor diameter, and recurrence status of the two observation groups were counted. The expression of CA-IX had no statistical significance with age, gender and tumor diameter (P>0.05); the expression of CA-IX had statistical significance with T stage, degree of differentiation, tumor number and recurrence (P<0.05) (Table 2).

Table 2: Clinically relevant parameters.

Univariate Logistic regression analysis of bladder urothelial carcinoma recurrence

The study cases were divided into the recurrence group and the non-recurrence group according to the recurrence status, and the relevant clinical characteristics of the two study groups were summarized and analyzed. By incorporating the relevant parameters into the univariate Logistic regression analysis, we can draw the following conclusions.

Bladder urothelial carcinoma recurrence after TURBT had statistical significance (P<0.05) with T stage (OR=0.41, 95%Cl: 0.227-0.739, P=0.003), degree of differentiation (OR=0.511, 95%Cl: 0.279-0.935, P=0.029), CA-IX expression (OR=2.396, 95%Cl: 1.233~4.654, P=0.01). Bladder urothelial carcinoma recurrence after TURBT had no statistical significance (P>0.05) with age (OR=0.895, 95%Cl: 0.496-1.613, P=0.713), gender (OR=1.227, 95%Cl: 0.636-2.369, P=0.542), tumor number (OR=0.556, 95%Cl: 0.307-1.010, P=0.054) and tumor diameter (OR=1.555, 95%Cl: 0.858-2.816, P=0.145) (P>0.05) (Table 3).

Table 3: Univariate logistic regression analysis of bladder urothelial carcinoma recurrence.

Multivariate Logisti regression analysis of bladder urothelial carcinoma recurrence

The risk factors were further included in the multivariate Logistic regression analysis according to the univariate Logistic regression analysis. After analysis, we obtained: clinical T stage of bladder urothelial carcinoma (OR=0.446, 95%Cl: 0.241-0.826, P=0.01), degree of differentiation (OR=0.501, 95%Cl: 0.262-0.956, P=0.036) ) and CA-IX expression intensity (OR=2.325, 95%Cl: 1.157-4.673, P=0.018) were independent influencing factors for predicting the recurrence of bladder urothelial carcinoma after resection (P<0.05); The number of tumors (OR=0.502, 95%Cl: 0.266-0.947, P=0.033), tumor diameter (OR=1.241, 95%Cl: 0.651-2.364, P=0.512) and were not statistically significant with recurrence after resection (P>0.05) (Table 4).

Table 4: Multivariate Logisti regression analysis of bladder urothelial carcinoma recurrence.

Kaplan-Meier survival curve of CA-IX expression intensity and recurrence

1) This study enrolled 245 patients who underwent transurethral resection of bladder tumors in our hospital, and a total of 194 patients were followed up for 5 years. Urinary tract B-ultrasound and cystoscopy were evaluated every 3 months after surgery. Relapse status, time of relapse and clinical information of patients were recorded. During the follow-up period, 76 cases recurrence, 118 cases did not recur, and the recurrence rate was 39.17% (76/194). Among them, 59 cases relapsed in CA-IX positive expression group, the recurrence rate was 44.69% (59/132), and 17 cases relapsed in the negative expression group, and the recurrence rate was 27.41% (17/62). The mean recurrence time of CA-IX positive group was 29.93±9.86 (months), and the mean recurrence time of CA-IX negative group was 34.02±12.44 (months), P=0.038 by T test of the two observation groups. The results showed that the recurrence rate and recurrence time of patients with positive expression of CAIX in bladder urothelial carcinoma were significantly higher than those of patients with negative expression of CA-IX.

2) According to the expression of CA-IX, the relapsed patients were divided two groups, and then the Kaplan-Meier survival curve was drawn. The curve showed that the recurrence rate of CA-IX positive expression group was significantly higher than that of negative group (P<0.05) (Figure 4).

Figure 4: CA-IX expression intensity and survival curve of bladder urothelial carcinoma recurrence after resection (months).

Discussion

Bladder urothelial carcinoma is a common malignant tumor of the urinary system. Transurethral resection of bladder tumor and radical cystectomy is the main surgical methods. The two surgical methods have different effects of the trauma and quality of life of patients. It is very important for patients to choose a reasonable surgical method. The surgical indication for transurethral resection of bladder tumor is the non-muscle invasive bladder cancer. Preoperative CT and cystoscopy are the main methods for staging assessment. However, the clinical staging predicted before surgery is often lower than the actual pathology staging in clinical work. Thus, causing a considerable part of patients to experience recurrence or even disease progression after surgery [15]. Therefore, accurate preoperative clinical staging is crucial in the treatment of bladder urothelial carcinoma. It CA-IX is a transmembrane glycoprotein composed of acidic amino acids, and is a cell membrane expressed protein. It CA-IX has a very low expression in normal tissues, but is abundantly expressed in various types of tumors, making cancer cells resistant to hypoxic environment, maintaining a relatively stable pH in cancer cells, and promoting the proliferation and differentiation of cancer cells [16]. At present, a large number of literatures have confirmed that CA-IX is significantly expressed in various malignant tumors, but it is negative in the normal group [17,18]. Vats et al. [19] study showed that CA-IX was strongly expressed in renal clear cell carcinoma; Ambrosio et al. [20] study showed that CA-IX expression was positively correlated with prostate cancer grade and stage and outcome; Supuran et al. [21] found that CA-IX was involved in the occurrence and migration of breast cancer. At present, It CA-IX is a recognized molecular marker of malignant tumors, and CA-IX has become a meaningful target in anti-cancer therapy, providing a new direction for the development of targeted drugs [22]. This study retrospectively analyzed the clinical data of 194 cases diagnosed and treated in our hospital, and found that the positive rate of CAIX in bladder urothelial carcinoma was 68.1% (132/194), and the positive rate in adjacent tissues was 44.3% (86/194), the positive rate of normal tissue was 27.3% (53/194). This revealed that CA-IX is significantly expressed in bladder urothelial carcinoma and is a meaningful tumor marker for bladder urothelial carcinoma, which may provide a new method for molecular diagnosis of bladder urothelial carcinoma [23]. The recurrence rate of bladder urothelial carcinoma after resection is high, and it is currently recognized that the degrees of differentiation, tumor number, tumor diameter, and pathological stage are risk factors for predicting the recurrence of bladder urothelial carcinoma [24,25]. In this study, through Logistic univariate and multivariate analysis, it was found that the clinical T stage of bladder urothelial carcinoma (OR=0.446, 95%Cl: 0.241- 0.826, P=0.01), the degree of differentiation (OR=0.501, 95%Cl) : 0.262-0.956, P=0.036) and CA-IX expression intensity (OR=2.325, 95%Cl: 1.157-4.673, P=0.018) were independent influencing factors for predicting the recurrence of bladder urothelial carcinoma after resection. This indicates that CA-IX plays an important role in the occurrence and development of bladder urothelial carcinoma. This result also confirms the research of domestic and foreign scholars [26]. We conducted long-term follow-up of surgical patients. 245 patients were enrolled, and a total of 194 patients completed the 5-year follow-up, 42 patients were lost to follow-up, 9 patients had incomplete data, and 194 patients finally completed the follow-up plan. During the follow-up period, 76 cases recurred, 118 cases did not recur, and the recurrence rate was 39.17% (76/194). Among them, 59 cases relapsed in CA-IX positive expression group, the recurrence rate was 44.69% (59/132), and 17 cases relapsed in the negative expression group, and the recurrence rate was 27.41% (17/62). The mean recurrence time of CA-IX positive group was 29.93±9.86, and the mean recurrence time of CA-IX negative group was 34.02±12.44. It was found that the recurrence rate and recurrence time of patients with positive expression of CA-IX in bladder urothelial carcinoma were significantly higher than those of patients with negative expression of CA-IX (P<0.05) by plotting the Kaplan-Meier survival curve. This phenomenon indicates that the expression of CA-IX is a meaningful tumor marker for predicting the recurrence of bladder urothelial carcinoma. Combined with the expression intensity of CA-IX before surgery, it can provide a reference for the selection of surgical methods and improve the therapeutic effect. Patients with positive CA-IX expression or a large number of tumors, poor differentiation, and advanced stages should be followed up closely after surgery to avoid missing recurrence or progression, which may force some patients to undergo radical cystectomy.

Conclusion

Our study shows that high CA-IX expression can lead to poor prognosis, positive expression is closely related to recurrence rate, CA-IX is an independent risk factor for predicting recurrence of bladder urothelial carcinoma after resection. To sum up, It CA-IX is an excellent tumor marker for bladder urothelial carcinoma, but it is not a specific tumor marker of bladder, and the expression of CA-IX can be used to predict bladder urothelial carcinoma after resection. There is a certain reference value later. It CA-IX protein has a certain role in the occurrence and progression of bladder urothelial carcinoma, which is a topic worthy of further study, and can provide a new direction for the development of targeted drugs. However, the sample of this study is limited, the experimental design is a retrospective study, and the postoperative follow-up period is not long, and the final conclusion needs further research to confirm.

Author's Contribution

An-Ping Xiang designed the study and drafted and revised the manuscript, Xiao-Nong Chen recorded the patients cases, An-Ping Xiang and Peng-Fei Xu participated in the follow-up. Yue-Fan Shen and Si-Hai Shao analyzes the data and draw graphs.

Acknowledgements

Not applicable

Funding

This work was supported by the following funding: the grant 2019GY23 from Huzhou Science and Technology Bureau Public welfare application research project of China.

Availability of Data and Material

We cannot provide and share our datasets in publicly available repositories because of informed consent for participants as confidential patient data. Data may be obtained from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

Declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate

The study protocol was approved by the ethics committee of the First People’s Hospital of Huzhou (approval number, 2017003). We have obtained written informed consent from all study participants. All of the procedures were performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and relevant policies in China.

Consent for publication: Not applicable.

Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

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