Entomology, Ornithology & Herpetology: Current Research
Open Access

First Record of Leith's Softshell Turtle (Nilssonia leithii) in Satpura Tiger Reserve, Narmadapuram, MP

Sandeep Fellows^1* and Sumit Saha^{2 *}Correspondence: Sandeep Fellows, Department of Forestry, Barkatullah University, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India, Email:

Author info »

Introduction

Taxonomy

Originally described as Trionyx leithii by gray. The trionychid turtles (Testudines: Trionychidae) in Indian subcontinent are represented by five genera, namely, Lissemys, Pelochelys, Chitra, Dogania and Trionyx (currently aspideretes). Two species of trionychid turtles, the leith’s softshell turtle (Aspideretes leithi) and Asian giant softshell turtle Pelochelys cantorii were collected from Bharathapuzha, the longest river in Kerala state. Praschag, et al., based on genetic analysis, included this species in the genus Nilssonia. Liebing, et al., showed that N. leithii shares a sister relationship with Nilssonia gangetica. No subspecies have been described and geographic variation, if any, has at present not been reported. Valid synonyms include Trionyx sulcifrons annandale from Nagpur, West-central India. Gemel and Praschag listed synonymies as relevant to this taxon.

Nonetheless, at least two distinct morphotypes from peninsular India are currently allocated to this species [1].

Morphology

The color of the turtle including the carapace was olive green, with five ocelli, which were black surrounded by red, with a black outer border. The ocelli were arranged in such a way that three were in front (towards the head) and two were towards the rear region. The neck was, however, reddish and the plastron cream colored. Several longitudinal rows of tubercles were also present on the carapace. The leith's softshell turtle is also characterized by an elongated snout.

The ocelii or the eye like markings is typical of the juvenile individuals. The measurements of the specimen also indicate that it is a juvenile individual. The morphometric measurements of the specimen were carapace 52 mm, plastron 39 mm and tail 11 mm. The length of the adult is 508 mm [2].

Literature Review

The carapace is low and oval; a preneural with one or two neurals separates the first pair of pleural bones; the eighth pair of pleurals meets each other at the carapace midline; there are eight or nine neurals; the triturating surfaces of the maxilla are flat with a prominent median groove. A patch of flat, wart like tubercles is often present on the anterior median edge of the carapace and along the midline posterior to the bony portion of the shell in some populations, while absent from others. Whether this has any taxonomic significance is not known. The carapace is gray or grayish olive with yellow vermiculations, most prominent in the young, which possess 4-6 dark centered, light bordered eye like spots. The plastron is cream colored. The head is greenish, sometimes with a black streak (especially in juveniles) that extends from the eye to the neck; two or three pairs of dark lines extend toward the side of the head and another extends backwards from the eye. The corner of the mouth has a yellow or reddish orange spot and patches of the same color are present on the forehead of juveniles. The outer surface of the limbs is olive, the inner surface cream colored. Secondary sexual dimorphism is known, with males showing comparatively longer and thicker tails than females [3]. The mean (curved) carapace length (bony disk plus fibrocartilage flap) of an adult male from the same area had a (curved) carapace length of 720 mm.

Distribution

Leith’s Softshell Turtle is endemic to peninsular India, and occurs in rivers and reservoirs. The early records of this species from a few northern Indian drainages are considered erroneous. The Leith's Softshell Turtle was first reported from Kerala only in 1997 by Thomas, et al., from river Chaliyar in Nilambur, Malappuram district. Easa and Ramachandran later reported the species from Chalakudy in Thrissur district, also. Outside Kerala Aspideretes leithii occurs in the Bhavani, Godavari, and Moyar rivers of peninsular India. Its diet is mostly made up of worms, snails, prawns, crabs, fish, tadpoles, but also some plant material. This turtle is endemic to peninsular India gives the occurrence of the species in Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu [4].

New site recorded

Before there are no evidences of this species in Satpura tiger reserve. On 30^th June 2020 we have got a new location in Suplai beat of Churna range in Satpura tiger reserve. GPS location is 22°27'45.1"N 78°01'13.4"E.

We observed this species for 10 min and after that we released it into the same location. The observed species found male (Figure 1).

Figure 1: Location where the leith’s softshell turtle Nilssonia leithii was observed in Satpura tiger reserve.

Population status

Few data are available of the population status of this species, the turtle not being common anywhere, even within protected areas, such as the mudumalai wildlife sanctuary, Tamil Nadu, Southwestern India, presumably because of hunting for the trade in calipee and habitat destruction. Nonetheless, viable populations appear to remain in the Thungabadra river, Kali river, Bheema river (around the Krishna river tributaries, except the Malaprabha river). A month long sampling effort on two separate occasions in 2012 and 2013 in the Kali river yielded 4 (sex ratio: 2.2) and 2 (sex ratio: 1.1) individuals, respectively.

Habitat and ecology

The species appears to replace N. gangetica in peninsular India, although there are unsubstantiated reports of the species from the north, including the state of Gujarat, where both species reportedly occur sympatrically. Generally, records of the species are from large, east and west flowing rivers that arise from the low hills of Peninsular India, with isolated records from large reservoirs. An individual was recently recorded from Perinjanam, Thrissur district, Kerala, at the mouth of the Chalakudy River, suggestive of its occasional usage of estuarine habitats. Nilssonia leithii is known to consume fish, crabs, freshwater molluscs, and mosquito larvae (Figure 2) [5].

Figure 2: Leith’s Softshell turtle, Nilssonia leithii.

Discussion

Fishermen along the Kali river report that the species often retrieves fish trapped in monofilament gill nets. Two specimens were dug up from mud in the bed of a pool just after the winter months (dry part of the year) in the Nallamala hills of the Eastern Ghats. Annandale, suggesting that the species may estivate during the summers. Some specimens of N. leithii are kept in a temple tank at Kotapalli village, Andhra Pradesh, Southeastern India, where they are fed on flowers of the red China rose (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis) and banana (Musa domestica). Little is known of the reproductive behavior of the species. In mid-June, a female was found to carry fully developed, shelled eggs with a diameter of 31 mm. Oviductal eggs, ready for oviposition, were also found in the month of January, suggesting that at least two clutches may be laid in a year, and fishermen along the Kali River reported that nesting occurs in the months of December and January. Two hatchlings were observed in the Moyar River, near Tengumarahada village on 15 July 1994, and eggs found in Pune, Maharashtra, West central India, were spherical and 29.8 mm–31.1 mm in diameter. Nesting in the Sharavathi Valley Wildlife Sanctuary reportedly occurs between the months of April and May. The intestinal parasite, Astiotrema cirricurvatus, has been recorded from this species [6].

Threats: The species has been subject to intensive exploitation over the past 30 years. It has been poached and illegally consumed within India. It has also been illegally traded abroad for meat and for its calipee. The population of this turtle species is estimated to have declined by 90% over the past 30 years such that the species is now difficult to find.

Conclusion

India’s proposal for transferring Leith’s Softshell Turtle (Nilssonia leithi) from Appendix II to Appendix I of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of wild fauna and flora (CITES) has been adopted by the Conference of Parties (CoP) to CITES in its 19^th meeting at Panama. The Leith’s Softshell Turtle (Nilssonia leithii) is considered as rare and cryptic species even its status information is scarcely available consequently very few conservation initiatives are taken to save the species in most of its distribution ranges. We observed this species during monsoon patrolling. We need to further study to confirm its population size and the distribution in the Satpura Tiger Reserve.

Acknowledgements

We are thankful to CWLW, MP and field director Satpura tiger reserve for their support. We also thankful to assistant director, Bori Sanctuary, range officer Churna and field staff Churna to discover this species.

References

1. Thomas J, Shaji CP, PS E. Record of Leith's Soft Shell Turtle, Aspideretes leithii (Gray) (Family: Trionychidae) from Nilambur, Kerala. J  Bombay Nat Hist Soc 1997;94:580.
2. Das I, Sirsi S, Vasudevan K, Murthy BH. Nilssonia leithii (Gray 1872)-Leith's Softshell Turtle. Conservation biology of freshwater turtles and tortoises: A compilation project of the IUCN/SSC tortoise and freshwater turtle specialist group. Chelonian Res. Monogr. 2014;1-5.
3. Nameer PO, Unnikrishnan KR, Thomas J. Record of leith’s softshell turtle (Gray, 1872) (Family Trionychidae) from Kerala. Reptile rap-newsletter of South Asian reptile network No. 8. 2007.
4. Sagar HS, Mrunmayee M, Chethan IN, Kumar M, Girish DV. Elusive, rare and soft: a new site record of Leitha’s Softshell Turtle Nilssonia leithii (Reptilia: Testudines: Trionychidae) from Bhadra tiger reserve, Karnataka, India. J Threat. Taxa. 201;11(13):14770-14772.

   [Crossref] [Google Scholar]

5. T Sirsi S. A progress report on reconnaissance of softshell turtles in the states of Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh. Turtle survival alliance and madras crocodile bank trust. 2010.
6. Mohan KC, Kottur S, Murthy C. A Study on Chelonian Fauna of river Tungabhadra (Hampi vicinity), Karnataka. Records of the zoological survey of India. 2021;121(1):55-59.

   [Crossref] [Google Scholar]