Andrology-Open Access
Open Access

Fundamental Examination of Male Reproductive System

Xiao Lee^{* *}Correspondence: Xiao Lee, Department of Andrology, Cairo University, Giza Governorate, Egypt, Email:

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Description

It is detailed on how to analyze and process human semen and use extended examination techniques to offer important diagnostics when examining how the male reproductive system works. These extend beyond the fundamental examination of semen and might be helpful in more precisely defining the clinical characteristics of productive or infertile men. The implementation of multi parametric scoring for sperm morphological flaws, sperm DNA fragmentation, and the role for machine analysis of sperm or semen are perhaps those that will be the most frequently employed and may also spark the most disagreement among the extended studies covered in the chapter.

Studies on the evolutionary losses of male features that were sexually selected have been rather few. The male and female reproductive architecture of Apotomus ground beetles were (Coleoptera, Carabidae) evaluated using light and electron microscopy. This lineage was having likely lost sperm conjugation, a probable sexually chosen feature. The spermatheca and testes formation was observed. Each of these organs have an similar design made up of lengthy blind canals grouped into overlapping rings that are spaced around 18 mm apart and 19.5 mm apart in total, respectively.

The closeness of these features raises the possibility that male and female genital organs have evolved in concert. Researchers describe a unique instance of sperm cyst "looping," a spermatogenic innovation earlier only known from certain fruit fly and Tenebrionid beetle sperm. Males are characterised by unifollicular testes with many germ cysts, each of which contains 64 sperm cells. The sperm are quite long (approximately 2.7 mm) and have a very long flagellum, small nucleus, and helicoidal acrosome. The anatomical differences between the sperm, testes, and Female Reproductive Tract (FRT) of the Apotomus species and those of other ground beetles are confirmed by these findings, which may be the result of changes in sexual selection.

Early exposure to bisphenol may well have negative long-term effects on reproductive health. Following the global regulation of Bisphenol A (BPA), the use of Bisphenol S (BPS) has significantly grown. In contrast to BPA, nothing is known regarding the consequences of prenatal exposure to BPS just on reproductive system in adult male offspring.

Prenatal exposure to BPS (0.4 g/kg) in male offspring led to higher plasma testosterone levels compared to BPA and control. The histology of the testis revealed thicker membrane, increased testicular inflammation, oxidative stress, TIMP-1 expression, and reduced VCAM-1 expression. By increasing IL-6, cleaved caspase activation, and a rise in sperm DNA breakage, BPS promotes apoptosis. Prenatal BPS exposure enhances testicular TEX11 expression in the children while decreasing sperm motility through altered PI3K-AKT signalling. BPS exposure during pregnancy affects how the male reproductive system is programmed in the progeny. BPS may have an impact on male reproductive processes just as strongly as other endocrine disruptors.

Conclusion

Microcystin-LR (MC-LR) has been shown in in vivo and in vitro research with the objects such as mammal animals, amphibians, aquatic animals, etc. to offer a potential threat to the reproductive system. The analysis gives an in-depth look at the most recent finding about the male reproductive toxicity caused by MC-LR, which primarily comprises of two aspects: Pathological damage to the testis and prostate as well as endocrine disturbance.