International Journal of School and Cognitive Psychology
Open Access

Genetic and Environmental Factors That Influence the Child’s Cognitive Development

Nikos Ntoumanis^{* *}Correspondence: Nikos Ntoumanis, Deparment of School Psychology, American International University, Serrekunda, Gambia, Email:

Author info »

Description

The definition of cognitive development includes reasoning, idea comprehension, information processing, problem solving, and general intelligence. The way a person thinks, behaves, interacts with the environment, and interacts with other people are all indicators of cognitive development. A person's future life depends greatly on their cognitive growth and overall development throughout the first two years of life. Early cognitive development is accompanied by expanding abilities to investigate the environment, understand the world, and find a sense of self in it. The emergence of emotions, language, and physical development are all closely related to the emergence of cognitive development. The growth of a child is influenced by both genetic and environmental influences. The infant's surroundings and interactions with all of it affect the child's intellectual abilities, particularly how they relate new information and skills to what they have already learned in the past.

Development of intellect is crucial for attachment development. Babies show this through mimicking adult facial expressions, grinning in response to infant games, repeating random behaviours that produce joyful or fascinating outcomes, and recognizing familiar faces, places, and things. Early infancy is when it begins, and it develops with age. Infants intentionally observe others for emotional signs before the end of the first year and assess ambiguous events, such the approach of a stranger, even though they are unable to express their emotions.

Factors that affect development of children

Parent-child interaction: Children spend the most of the day with their parents. So, it is crucial for parents to be able to form a solid attachment with their child in order to support their development of good mental health. The prenatal period largely shapes the brain, although delivery does not completely evolve it. These associations are greatly influenced by the infant's interactions with parents, daycare providers, and the natural world after birth. Parents who are unable to form a strong attachment with their baby may occasionally experience personal problems that may have an impact on the mental health of their child. The parents may have troubles because they themselves had a troubled childhood, suffer from a mental condition, use drugs or alcohol excessively, or were aggressive or abusive during childbirth.

Genes: Genetic interactions can cause a delay in the onset of mental illness. The chemical "signature" of the environment can become the cause that inhibits or stops those instructions from being carried out. Our genes carry instructions that inform our body how to function. An unstable base or foundation for the development of mental health is set by both a genetic susceptibility and early-life stress.

Educational conditions: When a child is born two or three years later, they often spend 6 to 8 hours per day in school. It is difficult for the child if the teacher is unable to show the child the right love and affection. A teacher can assist the child in developing themselves in a free environment. After parents, the teacher is the social effect on the child's personality. Not only teachers but also the curriculum, extracurricular activities, administration, and discipline can play a role in a child's proper mental development. For example, when a child performs poorly in an activity or commits a wrongdoing, they may feel less confident in themselves, which can have a negative impact on their mental health and at times become severe.