Journal of Clinical Trials
Open Access

History of Ebola Virus Infection in Both Developed and Developing Countries

Bellanne Chantelot^{* *}Correspondence: Bellanne Chantelot, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada, Email:

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Description

Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) is a serious disease caused by the Ebola virus, a member of the filo virus family found in humans and other primates. The disease was identified in 1976 during near-simultaneous outbreaks in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) and Sudan.

No cases or outbreaks have been documented between 1979 and 1994. However, since 1994, outbreaks have increased. Until 2014, EVD outbreaks were mainly reported from remote villages close to the rainforests of Central and West Africa. Most confirmed cases have been reported from the democratic republic of Congo, Gabon, republic of the Congo, Sudan, and Uganda. In 2014, EVD outbreaks were first reported in West Africa (Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone). During the outbreak, which lasted from 2014 to 2016, more than 28,000 cases were reported, with heavy transmission in urban areas. Several countries, including Italy, Mali, Nigeria, Senegal, Spain, the United Kingdom and the United States, have reported cases of imported EVD associated with this outbreak.

The virus is transmitted from wild animals to humans and spreads to humans through human-to-human transmission. The average mortality rate for EVD cases is approximately 50%. In previous outbreaks, mortality rates varied from 25% to 90%. Community engagement is a key to successful outbreak control. Good outbreak control relies on the application of a series of countermeasures. Specifically, case management, infection prevention and control practices, surveillance and contact tracing, good laboratory services, safe and dignified burials, and social mobilization. Ebola vaccines have been developed and used to contain the spread of Ebola epidemics in Guinea and the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). Early supportive and symptomatic treatment with hydration improves survival. Two monoclonal antibodies (Immazeb and Evanga) were approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration in late 2020 for the treatment of Zaire Ebola virus (Ebola virus) infection in adults and children. Pregnant and breastfeeding women with Ebola should be offered early supportive care.

Similarly, vaccination prophylaxis and experimental treatments should be offered under the same conditions as the nonpregnant population.

EVD is usually characterized by fever, muscle aches, headache, and sore throat. The disease course includes nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and impairment of organ function. In some cases, skin rashes, internal and/or external bleeding, and death can occur.

In regions of Africa where Ebola virus is common, primate and bat populations are suspected sources of infection. Although there is no known animal reservoir for the disease in the United States, there are concerns that the availability and reach of global travel could spread Ebola virus disease to human populations. Under certain conditions, exposure to just one of her viral particles can cause him to develop EVD. Depending on the viral strain and the person infected, EVD has a 50%-90% chance of being fatal.

The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP) has classified Ebola virus as a selected category A pathogen. This group includes high-level agents that pose a risk to national security because they are easily distributed or transmitted from person to person. Mortality can be high and have significant public health implications. It can cause public panic and social chaos and requires special public health measures. Diagnosis and treatment of EVD may be delayed during outbreaks, as symptoms of EVD may be consistent with many other illnesses (influenza, malaria, etc.).

Ebola virus is contagious. Epidemiologically, it reappeared in history. Researchers have therefore developed a vaccine to treat the disease. In addition, several in silico studies have also reported some potential plant compounds for developing drug molecules to combat Ebola. A virtual screen of plant phenolic compounds against the VP24 Ebola virus membrane-bound protein reveals potential inhibitors (1,2,3,6-tetragalloylglucose, epigallocatechin gallate, chlorogenic acid, oleuropein and michelianin) against this drug target. Various docking studies have reported several plant compounds as potential inhibitors for various Ebola virus drug targets.