Journal of Proteomics & Bioinformatics
Open Access

Importance of Proteomics in Functional Genomics

Barry G Rolfe^{* *}Correspondence: Barry G Rolfe, Department of Genomic Interactions Group, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia, Email:

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Description

Proteomics, which studies the protein composition of a particular cell or tissue at a particular moment, is the logical progression of functional genomic research. Proteomics tries to identify the protein complement, while functional genomics is a general phrase used to describe approaches that analyse the various genes expressed by a cell or tissue. In addition to transcriptomic and metabolomic research, proteomics strives to describe the entire protein output of the genome. The foundation of proteomics is the extraction, separation, visualization, identification, and quantification of the proteins and their interactions that are ever-present in a given organism or tissue. Proteomics is a cutting-edge method that has been applied in medicine, including the development of drugs and biomarkers. By examining the proteins in bodily fluids such urine, serum, exhaled breath, and spinal fluid, proteomics can locate and track biomarkers. With the help of these technologies, gene and protein expression may now be examined virtually entirely using just one method. The full genomes of many creatures, including man, have been sequenced, and this has paved the way for a comprehensive knowledge of how intricate structures like the brain integrate and operate, both in health and disease. But thanks to this blueprint, emerging techniques that analyses thousands of genes or proteins at once, if not the whole repertoire of a cell population or tissue under study, are quickly replacing the piecemeal analytic regimens of the past. If a complete picture of how a system or specific cell is affected by a treatment or disease is to be acquired, it is crucial to use the best analytical technique to maximize the data that is available. Messenger RNA is produced as a result of gene expression, which regulates cellular function. In order to best characterize gene expression in neurological and psychiatric illnesses, real-time Quantitative- Polymerase Chain Reaction (QPCR) cross validation is preferably combined with differential display and microarrays. Highest quality RNA is necessary for all gene expression research. While this is easily possible for RNA isolated from cells in tissue culture or from animal tissues, it may present a challenge for human studies because there could be delays in obtaining the tissue sample, which is especially true for RNA derived from the brain. For postmortem brain RNA, this process can take a long time and may also be impacted by the axonal state. But it is undeniable that post-mortem brain can yield high-quality RNA, and that gene expression studies can benefit from the information. The complexity of the brain and the wide variety of cell types, even in a relatively small area, is one of the main obstacles to the application of genomics in neuroscience. Determining which genes and proteins are connected with a certain cell type is extremely challenging because genomics and proteomics try to identify the complement of a given cell. To get around this, there are methods like laser capture micro dissection, which uses intense laser light to isolate a certain cell type, such a pyramidal neuron in the hippocampus, from its neighbors. These technologies can be applied to specific cell types when cells are isolated in this way, allowing for comparisons of, for example, the proteomes of pools of neurons damaged by degenerative disease compared to their unaffected neighbors. It might even be able to analyses the expression of a single cell all due to improvements in mass spectrometry and fluorescence detection's sensitivity. Not one methodology will be able to analyses a cell or tissue full genome or proteome, but by using a variety of methods selectively, it should be possible to identify the patterns of gene and protein expression in important brain regions in both healthy and pathological conditions. In the end, these tools for global profiling will assist in elucidating both the genetic and environmental variables. Recognizing which genes are expressed, how they are expressed, and where they are expressed as well as what the protein end product are is essential for understanding the function of all the genes in an organism. Certain circumstances cause them to accumulate in particular tissues. The foundation of proteomics is the extraction, separation, visualization, identification, and quantification of the proteins and their interactions that are ever-present in a given organism or tissue. Each of these steps has restrictions. Consequently, it is currently difficult to describe any organism's entire proteome organism. The transcriptome and proteome are remarkably variable, depending on the circumstances and activities of the organism, in contrast to the genome, which is a nearly immutable component of an organism.

Conclusion

The information that proteomics provides regarding the timing and location of protein synthesis and accumulation, as well as the identification of those proteins and their Post Translational Modifications (PTMs),complements transcriptomics. The goal of proteomics is to describe the investigations on the transcriptome and metabolomic scales are complemented by the total protein output of the genome. Whether a protein is created, how quickly it is turned over, or which potential protein isoforms are synthesized are not all necessarily determined by gene expression. Two of the most recent biological fields are genomics and proteomics, and research in these fields has been fueled by the integration of technology and biology.