Medicinal & Aromatic Plants
Open Access

Induction of Tumor-Selective Cytotoxicity by Myrtus communis L. Extract and its Bioactive Metabolite 1, 8-cineole

Yasenya Kasikci^1,2*, Ayfer Pazarbasi¹, Seray Karacay¹, Durmus Kaya A³, Gülay Duran G⁴, Akinchan Kumar², Bertan Yılmaz M¹ and Hinrich Gronemeyer^{2 *}Correspondence: Yasenya Kasikci, Department of Functional Genomics and Cancer, Institute of Genetics and Molecular and Cellular Biology (IGBMC), Illkirch, France, France, Tel: +33388653473, Email: ,

Author info »

Introduction

Breast cancer is one of the most common malignancies in women. In 2020, there were 2.26 million new cases of breast cancer and 684,996 deaths from breast cancer [1]. Familial cases for earlyonset breast cancer revealed the predisposition due to mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes [2]. Apart from a diversity of additional gene mutations, identified general risk factors included post-menopausal age, weight, alcohol intake [3] and hormone replacement therapy [4]. A number of features have been described as hallmarks of cancer which can be acquired during the multistep development of human tumors. These features are a) sustained proliferative signaling, b) growth suppressor evasion, c) cell death resistance, d) replicative immortality, e) induction of angiogenesis, and f) activation of invasion and metastasis, as well as immune escape and altered metabolism [5].

Standard therapy for breast cancer depends on the classification and includes classical surgery, chemo or radiation therapy. More recently, hormonal therapy for ER+ (Estrogen Receptor-Positive) cancers, antibody, and immune checkpoint therapies have been added and gene targeting therapies are being developed [6]. Given the genotoxicity of conventional radiation and chemotherapies, research in bioactive natural compounds and nature-inspired synthetic structures has identified novel types of cancer therapeutics [7]. Indeed, natural or natural compound-derived products-like penicillin or taxanes-correspond to the most important drugs in modern medicine. The predominant role of natural products in cancer are obvious from the fact that approximately 74% of anticancer compounds are of natural origin [8].

M. communis is a well-known medicinal plant used worldwide in traditional medicine (Figure 1A). This species belonging to the Myrtaceae family, which includes 100 genera and 3,000 species, is perennial, in the form of a bush, green in summer and winter, usually short and 1-3 meters tall [9]. M. communis is traditionally used for the treatment of diverse disease conditions [10]. The essential oil of M. communis has a rich content of terpenes (monoterpene hydrocarbons and sesquiterpene hydrocarbons), terpenoids (oxygenated monoterpenes and oxygenated sesquiterpenes), and phenylpropanoids [11]. Several of the monoterpenes have been reported to have antitumor activity, exhibiting the ability not only to prevent cancer formation or progression but also to regress existing malignant tumors [12]. Analysis of M. communis extracts done by GC-MS (Gas chromatography-Mass spectrometry) identified linalool (Figure 1B), 1,8-cineole (Figure 1C), α-pinene (Figure 1D) and as major compounds.

Figure 1: (A) The photo of Myrtus communis L. plant. Structure of the complexes (B) α-pinene, (C) 1,8-cineole, (D) Linalool.

Previously anticancer studies using M. communis oil have been reported [13,14] but in none of these cases of cancer cell selectivity has been investigated. This is however necessary to reveal a potential therapeutic effect. Therefore, in this study we investigated the cytotoxic and apoptotic effects of M. communis essential oil and its constituents in parallel in tumor MCF7 and normal MCF10A mammalian epithelial cells. We report here that one of these terpenes exerts exclusive tumor selectivity most likely due to the divergent induction of apoptosis mediators in normal and tumor cells.

Research Methodology

The flow sheet of the experimental analysis using MCF7 breast cancer and MCF10A normal breast epithelial cells as well as BJ human fibroblast is presented in Figure 2.

Figure 2: Sketch of the workflow The MCF7 and MCF10A cell lines were treated with the essential oil obtained from M. communis and indicated pure key components (α-Pinene, 1,8-cineole, linalool) to evaluate its antitumorigenic activities. MTT assays were performed to determine the highest non-cytotoxic doses of M. communis essential oil and 3 compounds contained therein. Subsequently, the expression levels of BCL-2, APAF- 1, and BAX genes in essential oil-exposed MCF7 and MCF10A cell lines were examined by RT-qPCR to correlate a potentially divergent regulation of apoptosis gene expression with the cell-specific induction of death. In addition, these potentially therapeutic doses were tested in the human BJ fibroblast cell line to monitor cell type selectivity.

Essential oil preparation and pure compounds

Essential oils of M. communis are obtained from the Telkaliş trial areas of Hatay Mustafa Kemal University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Medical and Aromatic Plants. α-pinene, linalool and 1,8-cineole were purchased from Sigma. The essential oil was prepared exactly as described [15]. The oil was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and then stored in dark color glass bottles and keep in the refrigerator (about 4°C) until use for analysis.

GC-MS Analysis

Analysis of the components of essential oils was carried out by using a Thermo Scientific ISQ Single Quadrupole Gas Chromatograph equipped with MS (Mass Spectra) detection (5% phenyl polysilphenylenesiloxane, 0.25 mm inner diameter × 60 m lengths, 0.25 μm film thickness). The carrier gas was helium (99.9%) at a flow rate of 1 mL/min; ionization energy was 70 eV. Mass range was m/z 1.2-1200 amu. Data acquisition was in scan mode. MS transfer line temperature was 250°C, MS ionization source temperature was 220°C, the injection port temperature was 220°C. The column temperature was 50°C at the beginning and it was increased to 220°C at 3°C/min heat increase rate [15]. The structure of each compound was identified by comparison with their mass spectrum (Wiley 9 library). The data was handled using the Xcalibur software program (Version 2.1.0 SP1, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Milan, Italy). Thirty-seven compounds were identified in the extract of M. communis. Representative GC-MS chromatography is shown in Supplementary Figure 1 and the corresponding compounds with their retention times, match factor, reverse match factor, and concentrations (%) are shown in Supplementary Table 1.

Preparation of M. communis essential oil doses

The M. communis essential oil and its components were prepared with a serum-free medium containing DMSO (Dimethyl Sulfoxide, SIGMA). Stock solutions of M. communis essential oil and its components were prepared with DMSO at 3 mg/mL and 1.2 mg/mL. Serial dilutions were done by a serum-free medium with maximal final DMSO concentrations of 0.1%.

Cell culture

The human breast epithelial cancer MCF7 cell line, the human non-tumorigenic breast epithelial MCF10A cell line, and the human fibroblast BJ cell line cells were provided by the cell culture service of the Institute of Genetics and Molecular and Cellular Biology (IGBMC), France. A PHCbi biosafety cabinet and a Memmert incubator were used in the cell culture. The MCF7 cells were grown in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium with 4.5% glucose (DMEM) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS), 0.6 μg/mL insulin, and 40 μg/mL gentamycin. The MCF10A cells were grown in DMEM/HAM F12 (1:1) supplemented with 5% horse serum, 20 ng/mL human epidermal growth factor, 100 ng/mL cholera toxin, 0.01 mg/mL insülin, 500 ng/mL hydrocortisone, 40 μg/mL gentamycin. The BJ ATCC cells were grown in Minimum Essential Medium (MEM) with Earle's Balanced Salts supplemented with 10% FBS, 1 mM sodium pyruvate, 40 μg/mL gentamycin, and non-essential amino acids. All cells were incubated in 75 cm2 flasks in 5% CO₂ and 37°C incubator under sterile conditions.

MTT assay

MTT (3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-Diphenyltetrazolium Bromide) assays were carried out as previously described [16]. 96- well plates were inoculated with 1 × 10⁴ cells per well and incubated for 24 h. Cells were exposed in triplicates to serial dilutions of the extracts and the pure compounds (1,8-cineole, α-pinene, linalool) at concentrations from 3 mg/mL to 18.75 μg/mL as specified in the figures. 10 μL of 5 mg/mL MTT in PBS was added to each well and incubated at 37°C for 4 h. After removal of the MTT, formazan crystals were dissolved using 100 μL DMSO and incubated 37°C for 0.5 h. Cell viability was monitored by measuring absorbance at 590-690 nanometers against the reference wavelengths using a Biochrom EZ Read 400 spectrophotometer. IC₅₀ was defined as the concentration that inhibited 50% of cell growth (Supplementary Figure 2).

Quantitative real-time PCR analysis

Exponentially growing of MCF7 and MCF10A cell were treated with M. communis essential oil at 600 μg/mL for a 24 h. RNA was isolated using Trizol as described [17]. RNA quality and quantity determined by using a Thermo Scientific Varioskan LUX microplate reader. RNAs were stored at -80°C. cDNA synthesis was done using High Capacity cDNA Reverse Transcription Kit (Applied Biosystems by Thermo Fisher Scientific). RT-qPCR reactions were done with a Roche Light Cycler 480 device. Expression levels of BAX, BCL2 and APAF1 were quantitated relative to GAPDH gene expression levels. BAX, BCL2 and APAF1 oligonucleotides were designed using the primer3 program [18] (Supplementary Table 2). MFEPrimer- 3 program [19] was used to evaluate PCR primer specificity, dimers and hairpin structure. Oligo Analyzer program was used to evaluate primer quality, homo and heterodimer formation.

Statistical analysis

All cell experiments were performed as biological triplicates. To determine IC₅₀, GraphPad Prism Version 8.0 was used and SPSS 23 were used to calculate and compare the mean values. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov analysis was used to verify if results followed a normal distribution. Inter-group measurements were compared using one-way ANOVA for variables with normal distribution and Shapiro-Wilk variance analysis for variables without normal distribution. Each test group was compared with the control group and statistical significance was p<0.05. Analysis of the expression data performed on the QIAGEN Rotor-Gene Q tool was done with RT2 profiler PCR Array Data Analysis Version 3.5 and GAPDH was used as a 'housekeeping gene' for normalization.

Results and Discussion

All experiments were performed by using a single master extract of essential oil which was kept at 4°C in the dark. It has been previously shown that essential oils can have biological activities which effect proliferation and/or apoptosis [13]. However, it has never been evaluated, whether these effects were due to general toxicity or whether they exhibited cancer-cell selectivity. Here we have used a comparative approach with normal MCF10A and tumor MCF7 cells to see whether we can identify cancer cell-specific effects.

Dose-response curves established by the MTT test revealed that M. communis essential oil decreased the viability of MCF7 breast cancer cells more pronounced than that of MCF10A normal cells at concentrations above 375 μg/mL (Figure 3). Corresponding IC₅₀ (the half-maximal inhibitory concentration) values are provided in Supplementary Figure 2. This data suggested that the essential oil contained one or more components that are toxic to both cell lines. However, the preferential killing of MCF7 cells below a concentration of 375 μg/mL suggested that the oil contained ingredients which may exert tumor cell selectivity.

Figure 3: Viability of MCF7 and MCF10A cells after 24 hours of treatment with M. communis. There is a significant difference in the cytotoxicity for the normal and tumor cell line at concentrations between 600 μg/mL and 1200 μg/mL. This result indicated a higher sensitivity of the tumor cells to the essential oil than of the normal cells. The effective dose was determined as 600 μg/mL by calculating the IC₅₀ (the half-maximal inhibitory concentration) value. Asterisk (*) shows a significant differences of test groups which was compared with the control groups (P<005).

Previously, bioactive metabolites of M. communis have been described [20,21]. Using GC-MS, we positively identified 37 components (Supplementary Table 1). The main components of the essential oil of the M. communis were α-pinene (31.82%), 1,8-cineole (21.33%), myrtenyl acetate (14.01%), linalool (8.20%). To assess the potential contribution three of these compounds to the differential effect of the essential oil on MCF7 tumor and MCF10A normal cells, we established dose-response curves with the pure compounds. MTT assays revealed that both α-pinene and linalool were toxic for the two cell lines (Figures 4A and 4B). The normal cells were even more affected than the tumor cells. This relative toxicity was not only reversed for 1,8-cineole but this particular compound displayed virtually no toxicity for normal MCF10A cells up to very high concentrations (Figure 4C). In a stark contrast, MCF7 viability was already affected at 375 μg/mL and decreased progressively towards higher concentrations. These data suggest that the essential oil contains at least two bioactive metabolites (linalool and α-pinene) which are toxic for both normal and tumor cells. In contrast, one ingredient of the essential oil, namely 1,8-cineole, had no toxic effect at a concentration where it was able to kill up to 40% of the tumor cells. The effect of the essential oil is likely a composite of the effects of the tumor-selective and non-selective compounds. Note in this respect that not all of the components of the essential oil have been tested with pure compounds. It is thus possible that other ingredients may contribute to the final effects of the essential oil. Several bioactive metabolites have been previously described to exert cytotoxic effects in tumor cell lines, including linalool [22-24] α-pinene [25-27] and 1,8-cineole [28,29]. However, as for the essential oil, tumor-cell selective effects of these components have not been demonstrated. To study if the effect of the M. communis oil was different in different cell types, we compared the cell viabilities of breast epithelial MCF7 and MCF10A cells with that of BJ fibroblasts at a concentration of 600 μg/mL (Figure 5).

Figure 4: Viability of MCF7 and MCF10A cells after 24 hours treatment with α-pinene (A), linalool (B), and 1,8-cineole (C). Asterisk (*) shows a significant differences of test groups which was compared with the control groups (P<005).

Figure 5: Viability of BJ, MCF10A and MCF7 cells at the therapeutic dose (600 μg/mL) of M. communis essential oil as determined by MTT assay.

Notably, there was a very small effect (about 10%) on the viability of BJ cells. The fact that cell viability was affected in a cell-specific manner, suggested to us that the effects of M. communis oil may be due to cell-specific death signaling. One of the most prominent cell death signaling pathways is apoptosis [30]. As apoptosis is governed by the balance between pro and anti-apoptotic factors, we tested three of those factors by quantitative RT-PCR. We aimed to test the hypothesis that the essential oil could affect their expression levels. Indeed, as shown in Figure 6, the expression of both the anti-apoptotic BCL2 and pro-apoptotic APAF1 were divergently regulated in MCF7 and MCF10A cells. Even more importantly BCL2 expression was decreased in MCF7 cells while APAF1 was increased. These data indicate that the essential oil increased apoptosis in the tumorigenic MCF7 cells. In contrast, the opposite was observed in MCF10A cells suggesting that increased expression of BCL2 and decreased APAF1 expression rather stabilized the survival of normal breast epithelial MCF10A cells. The above results suggest that one of the bioactive metabolites (1,8-cineole) of M. communis essential oil is non-toxic for normal cells while it induces apoptosis in MCF7 tumor cells. The tumor-selective effect of 1,8-cineole is likely to be partly disguised by the general toxicity of linalool and α-pinene, thus accounting for the limited tumor cell selectivity of the essential oil. Our study is unique in that plant extracts and several of its components were studied for tumorselective cytotoxicity in parallel in normal and tumor cells. Several other plant extracts and components have been shown to affect the expression of apoptosis-mediators [31-34] but tumor cell selectivity has not been demonstrated.

Figure 6: Comparison of the effect of 600 μg/mL M. communis essential oil on APAF-1, BCL-2 and BAX gene expressions in MCF7 and MCF10A cells.

Conclusion

Our approach may be useful as a general concept for identifying plant extract-derived bioactive components for cancer therapy. While MCF10A and MCF7 cells are not isogenic, future studies may take advantage of the possibility of using primary human cell lines and their engineered tumorigenic variants. Moreover, our comparative analyses with BJ fibroblasts suggest incorporating different cell types in such a screening protocol, to monitor cell type-specific and tumor cell-specific activities of extracts and individual bioactive compounds.

Declaration of Competing Interests

The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests.

Acknowledgment

Kasikci Y was initially supported by a fellowship of the EU Erasmus Program. This project was supported by Cukurova University Research Fund as project number TYL-2018-11209. Studies in the Gronemeyer H laboratory by funded from the Plan Cancer, AVIESAN_ITMO Cancer, the Ligue National Centre le Cancer (HG; Equipe Labellisée); and the Institut National du Cancer (INCa).

Author Contributions

Kasikci Y and Karacay S performed all cell culture studies. Kasikci Y did all experimental studies involving MTT analysis, RNA isolation and cDNA analysis. Pazarbasi A and Yilmaz MB supervised the cell culture studies. Kaya DA prepared M. communis essential oil and did the GC-MS analysis. Kumar A performed RT-PCR experiments. Gronemeyer H and Pazarbasi A conceived and designed the study and Kasikci Y wrote the manuscript with the help of HG.

References

1. Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL, Laversanne M, Soerjomataram I, Jemal A, et al. Global cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin. 2020.
2. Antoniou A, Pharoah PDP, McMullan G, Day NE, Stratton MR, Peto J, et al. A comprehensive model for familial breast cancer incorporating BRCA1, BRCA2 and other genes. Br J Cancer.  2002; 86: 76-83.
3. Shield KD, Soerjomataram I, and Rehm J. Alcohol use and breast cancer: a critical review. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2016; 40: 1166-1181.
4. Singletary SE. Rating the risk factors for breast cancer. Ann Surg. 2003; 237: 474-482.
5. Hanahan D, Weinberg RA. Hallmarks of cancer: the next generation. Cell. 2011; 144: 646-674.
6. Emens LA. Breast cancer immunobiology driving immunotherapy: vaccines and immune checkpoint blockade. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther. 2012; 12: 1597-1611.
7. Amin AR, Kucuk O, Khuri FR, Shin DM. Perspectives for cancer prevention with natural compounds. J Clin Oncol. 2009; 27: 2712-2725.
8. Sims AH, Howell A, Howell SJ, Clarke RB. Origins of breast cancer subtypes and therapeutic implications. Nat Clin Pract Oncol. 2007; 4: 516-525.
9. Oğur R. Mersin bitkisi (Myrtus Communis L.) hakkında bir inceleme. Çevre Dergisi. 1994; 10: 21-25.
10. Asgarpanah J, Ariamanesh A. Phytochemistry and pharmacological properties of Myrtus communis L. NISCAIR-CSIR. 2015; 82-87.
11. Wagih M. Myrtle (Myrtus communis L. Myrtaceae) Oil. In: Essential oils in food preservation, Flavour and Safety. Elsevier Inc. 2015; 705-713.
12. Crowell PL. Prevention and Therapy of Cancer by Dietary Monoterpenes. J Nutr. 1999; 129: 775S-778S.
13. Tretiakova I, Blaesius D, Maxia L, Wesselborg S, Schulze-Osthoff K, Cinatl Jr. J, et al. Myrtucommulone from Myrtus communis induces apoptosis in cancer cells via the mitochondrial pathway involving caspase-9. Apoptosis. 2008; 13: 119-131.
14. Ogur R. Studies with Myrtus communis L.: anticancer properties. J Intercult Ethnopharmacol. 2014; 3: 135.
15. Kaya DA, Violeta Ghica M, Dănilă E, Öztürk S, Türkmen M, et al. Selection of optimal operating conditions for extraction of Myrtus Communis L. essential oil by the steam distillation method. Molecules. 2020; 25: 2399.
16. Mosmann T. Rapid colorimetric assay for cellular growth and survival: application to proliferation and cytotoxicity assays. J Immunol Methods. 1983; 65: 55-63.
17. Rio DC, Ares Jr M, Hannon GJ, Nilsen TW. Purification of RNA using TRIzol (TRI reagent). Cold Spring Harb Protoc. 2010; 2010: pdb.prot5439.
18. Koressaar T, Remm M. Enhancements and modifications of primer design program Primer3. Bioinformatics. 2007; 23: 1289-91.
19. Qu W, Shen Z, Zhao D, Yang Y, Zhang C. MFE primer: Multiple factor evaluation of the specificity of PCR primers. Bioinformatics. 2008; 25: 276-278.
20. Babou L, HadidiL, Grosso C, Zaidi F, Valentão P, Andrade PB. Study of phenolic composition and antioxidant activity of myrtle leaves and fruits as a function of maturation. Eur Food Res Technol. 2016; 242: 1447-1457.
21. Pereira P, Cebola MJ, Oliveira MC, Bernardo Gil MG. Antioxidant capacity and identification of bioactive compounds of Myrtus communis L. extract obtained by ultrasound-assisted extraction. J Food Sciand Technol. 2017; 54: 4362-4369.
22. Iwasaki K, Zheng YW, Murata S, Ito H, Nakayama K,  Kurokawa T, et al. Anticancer effect of linalool via cancer-specific hydroxyl radical generation in human colon cancer. World J Gastroenterol. 2016; 22: 9765.
23. Chang MY, Shen YL. Linalool exhibits cytotoxic effects by activating antitumor immunity. Molecules. 2014; 19: 6694-6706.
24. Chang MY, Shieh DE, Chen CC, Yeh CS, Dong HP. Linalool induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in leukemia cells and cervical cancer cells through CDKIs. Int J Mol Sci. 2015; 16: 28169-28179.
25. Chen W, Liu Y, Li M, Mao J, Zhang L, Huang R. Anti-tumor effect of α-pinene on human hepatoma cell lines through inducing G2/M cell cycle arrest. J Pharmacol Sci. 2015; 127: 332-338.
26. Zhao Y, Chen R, Wang Y, Yang Y. α-Pinene inhibits human prostate cancer growth in a mouse xenograft model. Chemotherapy. 2018; 63: 1-7.
27. Matsuo AL, Figueiredo CR, Arruda DC, Pereira FV, Borin Scutti JA, Massaoka MH. α-Pinene isolated from Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi (Anacardiaceae) induces apoptosis and confers anti-metastatic protection in a melanoma model. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2011; 411: 449-454.
28. Murata S, Shiragami R, Kosugi C, Tezuka T, Yamazaki M, Hirano A, et al. Antitumor effect of 1, 8-cineole against colon cancer. Oncol Rep. 2013; 30: 2647-2652.
29. Ashour HM. Antibacterial, antifungal, and anticancer activities of volatile oils and extracts from stems, leaves, and flowers of Eucalyptus sideroxylon and Eucalyptus torquata. Cancer Biol Ther. 2008; 7: 399-403.
30. Galluzzi L. Molecular mechanisms of cell death: recommendations of the Nomenclature Committee on Cell Death 2018. Cell Death Differ. 2018; 25: 486-541.
31. Amirghofran Z, Shekofteh N, Ghafourian M, Khosravi N,  Kalantar K, Malek-Hosseini S. Tumor Cell death via apoptosis and improvement of activated lymphocyte cytokine secretion by extracts from Euphorbia hebecarpa and Euphorbia petiolata. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2019; 20: 1979-1988.
32. Kumar M. Phytoconstituents as apoptosis inducing agents: strategy to combat cancer. Cytotechnology. 2016; 68: 531-63.
33. Hahn WC. Creation of human tumour cells with defined genetic elements. Nature. 1999; 400: 464-468.
34. Malysheva V. Reconstruction of gene regulatory networks reveals chromatin remodelers and key transcription factors in tumorigenesis. Genome Med. 2016; 8: 57.