Angiology: Open Access
Open Access

Interrelationship among Lipid Profiles, Arterial Stiffness, and Nitroglycerin-mediated Vasodilation in the Community-based Setting of the Japanese Women

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Abbreviations

ABI: Ankle Brachial Pressure Index; BAPWV: Brachial-ankle Pulse Wave Velocity; BAD: Brachial Artery Diameter; CAD: Coronary Heart Disease; CM: chylomicrons; CCA: Common Carotid Arteries; CVD: Cardiovascular Disease; FMD: Flow-Mediated Vasodilation; IAS: International Atherosclerosis Society; IDL: Intermediate Density Lipoprotein; LDL-C: Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol; NICE: National Institute for Health and Care Excellence; NMD: Nitroglycerin Mediated Vasodilation; NLA: National Lipid Association; NONHDL- C: Non-High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol; P-NTGD: Post-Nitroglycerin Brachial Artery Diameter; TG/ HDL-C: Triglyceride/High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol; TC: Total cholesterol; VSMC: Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell; VLDL: Very Low-Density Lipoprotein

Introduction

Dyslipidemia, such as elevated LDL-C and triglyceride (TG) or decreased HDL-C is an established risk factor and play a role in the occurrence and progression of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and ischemic stroke [1]. The Adult Treatment Panel of the National Education Program has also provided the availability of non-HDL-C as a secondary target of therapy and the studies have indicated that non-HDL-C is more closely associated with CVD compared with other lipid markers [2-4]. While, the possibility that lipid-related ratios such as TC/HDL-C, TG/HDL-C, and LDL-C/HDL-C may be better parameters of CVD risk than any other single lipid marker has been reported [2]. On the other hand, arterial stiffness estimated by baPWV occurs as a result of structural changes in the medial layer of the elastic arteries, including fragments and degeneration of elastin [2]. Metaanalyses have recently established baPWV as an independent risk factor for cardiovascular events in subjects both with and without preexisting CVD [5,6]. Several studies have shown a close relation between lipid levels (non-HDL-C, high TG/HDL-C and TC/ HDL-C ratio) and baPWV [5,7-10].

The significant procedure for evaluating vascular endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) function are flow-mediated vasodilation (FMD), an endothelium-dependent function, and nitroglycerin-mediated vasodilation (NMD), an endotheliumindependent function in the brachial artery [11-15]. Some reports, suggesting the correlation between NMD and lipid fractions including oxidized LDL parameter have been studied [16-19]. It has been reported that the impaired NMD may attribute to the increased oxidative stress or VSMC dysfunction in children at risk for atherosclerosis [17]. The report has been also suggested that reduced NMD is due to the VSMC dysfunction and surrounding extracellular matrix in the medial layer of the arterial wall in subjects with accelerating risk factors for atherosclerosis such as dyslipidemia [19]. Majority role of NMD value [11-19] are affected and determined by VSMC function change, while baPWV is primarily due to the VSMC structure alteration [2,20,21]. We have studied that whether interrelationship among lipid profiles including non-HDL-C and lipid ratio, arterial stiffness and VSMC function are recognized.

Materials and Methods

Study population

Forty-two women in community-based population were enrolled in this study (including: 11 cerebral infarction, 10 migraine, 3 cervical spondylosis, and 18 not otherwise) between April 2008 and April 2014.

Biochemical analysis

Analyses were performed for total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), and HDL-C by standard enzymatic laboratory techniques. LDL-C was calculated using the Friedewald formula in subjects whose triglycerides levels were less than 400 mg/dL (LDL-C=TCHDL- C-1/5TG) [22].

Vascular reactivity

FMD of the brachial artery was determined using high resolution B-mode ultrasonographic system (UNEXEX 18G, Japan) with a linear transducer mid frequency of 7.5 MHz, using the technique described previous report [12-15]. Parameters including FMD, NMD and P-NTGD [23,24] were examined as previously described [11-15].

Carotid ultrasonography

The intima-media thickness (IMT) of the bilateral common carotid arteries (CCA) was measured by ultrasonography with a 10-MHz probe using an ultrasound system (Aplio SSA-700A, Toshiba Medical System, Tochigi, Japan). Measurement of IMT were performed as previously described [12,14,25].

Brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV) measurement BaPWV was measured using a volume-plethysmographic apparatus (form PWV/ABI; Colin, Co.,Ltd., Komaki, Japan) and anklebrachial pressure index (ABI) is measured simultaneously by these machines in accordance with a described method [12,14,26].

Statistical Analysis

Numerical variables were expressed as mean ± SD. Spearman’s bivariable correlation analysis was used to test the relationships between the numerical variables when appropriate. Statistical significance was defined as a p value of less than 0.05. The statistical analyses were performed using the SPSS software package (version 16.0; SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL).

Results

Baseline characteristics of study population are summarized in Table 1. Mean age of the participants was 57.3 ± 14.3 years (range: 19 to 80 years).

Table 1: The Clinical and Biochemical Characteristics of the Participant (mean±SD)

Table 2 shows Spearman’s rank correlation coefficients of the brachial artery measures in participants. BAD was significantly correlated with FMD% (r=-0.45. p=0.004). Significant correlations between BAD and P-NTGD (r=0.91, p<0.001) and between BAD and NMD (r=-0.47. p=0.002) were recognized.

Table 2: Spearman’s rank correlation coefficients of the brachial artery measures in participants

Table 3 shows Spearman’s rank correlation coefficients of the atherosclerotic parameters in participants. Correlations between NMD and rt baPWV (p=-0.42, p=0.009) and between NMD and lt ba PWV (p=-0.51, r=0.001) were significantly correlated.

Table 3: Spearman’s rank correlation coefficients of the atherosclerotic parameters in participants

Table 4 shows Spearman’s rank correlation coefficients for FMD, BAD, P-NTGD, and FMD/NMD with clinical and biochemical parameters in participants. Negative correlations between non- HDL-c and NMD (r=-0.45, p=0.003), between TG/HDL-C and NMD (r=-0.35, p=0.025), and between TC/HDL-C and NMD (r=-0.36, p=0.021) were detected. Negative correlations between TC and NMD (r=-0.46, p=0.002), between TG and NMD (r=- 0.44 p=0.004), and between LDL-C and NMD (r=-0.40, p=0.01) were also shown. There was a tendency of the correlation between LDL-C/HDL-C and NMD (r=-0.307, p=0.051). With respect to HDL-C, there was negative correlation between HDL-C and P-NTGD (r=-0.32, p=0.041), but correlation between HDL and NMD was not shown.

Table 4: Spearman’s rank correlation coefficients for FMD, BAD, P-NTGD, NMD and FMD/NMD with clinical and biochemical parameters in participants

Table 5 shows Spearman’s rank correlation coefficients for IMT, baPWV and ABI with clinical and biochemical parameters in participants. There was significantly positive correlations between non-HDL-C and rt baPWV (r=0.47, p=0.003), between TG/HDL-C and rt baPWV (r=0.42, p=0.01), and between TC/ HDL-C and rt baPWV (r=0.44, p=0.006).There were significantly positive correlations between non-HDL-C and lt baPWV (r=0.48, p=0.003), between TG/HDL-C and lt baPWV (r=0.35, p=0.035), and between TC/HDL-C and lt baPWV (r=0.37, p=0.026). There was significant correlation between LDL-C/HDL-C and rt baPWV (r=0.39, p=0.017), a tendency of the correlation between LDL-C/ HDL-C and lt baPWV (r=0.32, p=0.051) was shown. There were correlations between TC and rt baPWV (r=0.42, p=0.01) and between TC and lt baPVW (r=0.46, p=0.005). Significant correlations between TG and rt baPWV (r=0.44, p=0.006) and between TG and lt baPWV (r=0.43, p=0.009) were recognized. There were also correlations between LDL-C and rt baPWV (r=0.41, p=0.012) and between LDL-C and lt baPWV (r=0.42, p=0.010).

Table 5: Spearman’s rank correlation coefficients for IMT, baPWV and ABI with clinical and biochemical parameters in participants

Discussion

Dyslipidemia, such as elevated LDL-C and TG or decreased HDL-C, is an established risk factor and play a role in the occurrence and progression of CVD and ischemic stroke [1]. Non- HDL-C quantifies all atherogenic apolipoprotein B-containing lipoproteins, including LDL, very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), intermediate-density lipoprotein (IDL), chylomicrons (CM), and their TG-rich lipoprotein remnants [27]. The Adult Treatment Panel of the National Education Program has provided the availability of non-HDL-C as a secondary target of therapy and a research has indicated that non-HDL-C is more closely associated with CVD compared with other lipid markers [27]. International Atherosclerosis Society (IAS) guideline [28], National Lipid Association (NLA) guideline and National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) guideline [29] have flagged non-HDL-C as a primary therapeutic target for patients with coronary heart disease (CHD) [27]. The possibility that lipid-related ratios such as TC/HDL-C, TG/HDL-C, and LDL-C/HDL-C may be better parameters of CVD risk than any other single lipid marker has been also reported [2]. TG/HDL-C parameter has been linked to insulin resistance and it has regarded as an independent prediction of CVD [1,30,31]. Moreover, the studies of the relation of the TC/ HDL-C with peripheral arterial disease [5] and a direct association between TC/HDL-C and heart failure risk [32] have been reported. LDL-C/HDL-C ratio, which has previously been found to be superior to measurement of serum LDL-C alone, as a predictor of CHD [33].

On the other hand, arterial stiffness occurs as a result of structural changes in the medial layer of the elastic arteries, including fragments and degeneration of elastin, increase in collagen, and thickening of the arterial wall [2]. Meta-analyses have recently established baPWV as an independent risk factor for cardiovascular events in subjects both with and without preexisting CVD [5,6]. Several studies have shown a close relation between lipid levels (Non-HDL-C, high TG/ HDL-C and TC/HDL-C ratio) and baPWV [5,7-10]. Wen et al. [5] reported that their study showed significant positive association of non-HDL-C, TG, and the TC/HDL-C ratio with arterial stiffness irrespective of LDL-C level.

Alvim et al. [34] have also reported that non-HDL-C is a good predictor of the risk of increased arterial stiffness in postmenopausal women. Their result showed that a decrease in estrogen facilitates the developing increased arterial stiffness, which is an independent risk factor for CVD in postmenopausal women. It is also putative that the occurrence of cardiometabolic disorders can be in part explained by deficient or absent estrogen production [34]. Ma et al. also reported the relationship between non-HDL-C and carotid atherosclerosis among community based female subjects [8]. As our data indicated the relationship between non-HDL and baPWV, we will speculate that non-HDL-C may, in part, reflect the VSMC structure change.

Now, Wen et al. [2] also described that the lipoprotein ratios such as TG/HDL-C, TC/HDL-C, non-HDL-C/HDL-C, and TG are superior to conventional lipid parameters for predicting arterial stiffness in young men and especially, they indicated that the TG/ HDL-C ratio has the strongest association with arterial stiffness [2]. They also noted that the TG/HDL-C ratio was a simple clinical marker of insulin resistance [2]. Chung et al. [1] also suggested that the TG/HDL-C ratio was positively and independently associated with arterial stiffness in postmenopausal Korean women. It has been reported that decreased estrogen levels also influence lipid metabolism in vascular smooth muscle and endothelium in postmenopausal phase, resulting in various detrimental metabolic and vascular change, due to high TG with low HDL-C. Meanwhile, the increased TG/HDL-C was independently associated with baPWV abnormality in apparently healthy individuals [35] or in adolescents and young adults [36]. As our result showed the correlations between TG/HDL –C and baPWV and between TC/ HDL-C and baPWV, we suggest that lipid fractions may be in part an indicator of VSMC structure alteration. Our result may indicate that raised non-HDL-C and high TG/HDL-C and LDL-C/HDL-C ratio, in physiological range, suggest the elevated baPWV value.

The correlation between NMD and lipid fractions including oxidized LDL parameter has been studied [16-19]. Adams et al. reported that decreased NMD is associated with serum cholesterol concentration in asymptomatic healthy adults [16]. The study that a trend toward an impaired NMD has been reported, indicating that some of the deleterious effects of dyslipidemia may be mediated by altered smooth muscle activity, rather than by endothelial dysfunction [18]. It has been reported that the Impairment of NMD may include accelerated inactivation of NO by increased oxidative stress or VSMC dysfunction in children at risk for atherosclerosis [17]. There have been also some reports with regards to impaired NMD studies including CVD [16], type 2 diabetic patients (DM) [19] and obesity [37]. The report has been also suggested that reduced NMD is due to the VSMC dysfunction and surrounding extracellular matrix in the medial layer of the arterial wall in subjects with accelerating risk factors for atherosclerosis such as dyslipidemia [19]. The accelerating risk factors for atherosclerosis, such as hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and uremia, may exert long-term cumulative effects on VSMC and the surrounding matrix in the medial layer rather than on the endothelium [19]. As relationships between non-HDL and NMD and between lipid ratio and NMD were identified, we will indicate that lipid profile may be a significant predictor, reflecting the VSMC function. Our data suggests that raised non-HDL-C and high TG/HDL-C and LDL-C/HDL-C ratio, in physiological range, may be an indicator, reflecting impaired NMD, namely VSMC function change.

Brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV), a non-invasive parameter both central and peripheral arterial stiffness is widely used in clinical practice and a significant association between baPWV and carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (PWV) [5].Except for dyslipidemia, DM and obesity status, decreased NMD has been shown in chronic kidney disease (CKD). In CKD, different vascular pathologies, namely, atherosclerosis and arteriosclerosis are present [20]. Endothelial dysfunction also cause arteriosclerosis, a disease affecting the media of large and middle sized arteries with an increased collagen:elastin ratio, calcification and hyperplasia and hypertrophy of VSMCs [20]. While increased arterial stiffness is caused primarily by structural changes, there is also a major functional component from the vascular endothelium. Marked increases in arterial stiffness as measured by pulse wave velocity have been demonstrated in response to NOS inhibitors, with reductions in response to exogenous NO donors [21]. As the arterial media is composed of smooth muscle cells and extracellular matrix including collagen and elastin, these constituents of the media and their interactions are major determinants of structural arterial stiffness [38]. While it has been noted that PWV reflects arterial stiffening that is increased by adverse structural and functional alterations including impaired endothelial-dependent dilation, medial hypertrophy, and elevated smooth muscle tone in the vessel wall [39].

Now, as FMD, NMD and baPWV examinations were measured by using different artery tree at different sites, a strong correlation between NMD and baPWV were observed. Our results have provided that structural and functional alterations of VSMC may be affected by lipid profiles.

Study limitation: there were some limitations in this study. Our results indicated that interrelationship among lipid profiles, arterial stiffness and VSMC function was recognized in a crosssectional setting of the community-based Japanese women. But several confounding factors related to arterial stiffness as well as VSMC function was present. The significant differences in risk factors are important to address as they are likely independently related to arterial stiffness as well as VSMC dysfunction. However, our study sample size is relatively small and we have studied in the cross-sectional and retrospective research, we did not have adjusted using confounding factors. Future prospective researches are warranted to clarify more accurate conclusion.

Summary

Interrelationship among non-HDL-C, baPWV, and NMD and among lipid ratios including TG/HDL-C, TC/HDL-C, baPWV, and NMD was detected in community-based setting of Japanese women. Lipid profiles may be respectively associated with arterial stiffness and VSMC dysfunction rather than endothelial dysfunction. Our result may suggest that raised non-HDL-C and high TG/HDL-C and LDL-C/HDL-C ratio, in physiological range, may reflect elevated baPWV and impaired NMD, suggesting structural and functional alteration of VSMC

Conclusions

Lipid profiles may be respectively associated with the structural and functional alteration of vascular smooth muscle cell rather than endothelial dysfunction.

We will indicate that lipid fractions may reflect the structural and functional change of vascular smooth muscle cell in a crosssectional setting of the community-based Japanese women.

Compliance with ethical standards

Informed consent was obtained from patients in this study and the study was approved by the Ethics Committee of NIihon University School of Medicine.

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