Orthopedic & Muscular System: Current Research
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Knee Arthroscopy: A Minimally Invasive Approach to Diagnosing and Treating Knee Problems

Ryaan Ken^{* *}Correspondence: Ryaan Ken, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dublin, Ireland, Email:

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Description

Knee arthroscopy is a minimally invasive surgical procedure used to diagnose and treat problems in the knee joint. Utilizing a small camera called an arthroscope, surgeons can view the inside of the knee and perform necessary repairs through tiny incisions. This technique is favored for its precision, reduced recovery time and lower risk of complications compared to traditional open surgery.

Indications for knee arthroscopy

Knee arthroscopy is commonly recommended for patients with a variety of knee issues that have not responded to non-surgical treatments such as rest, physical therapy and medication. Some of the most common conditions treated with knee arthroscopy include:

Meniscal tears: Tears in the cartilage that acts as a cushion between the bones of the knee can cause pain, swelling and limited movement.

ACL injuries: Tears or sprains in the Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) often require surgical intervention to restore stability and function to the knee.

Cartilage damage: Injury or wear and tear can lead to cartilage defects that cause pain and impede movement.

Loose bodies: Fragments of bone or cartilage can become loose within the knee joint, causing pain and joint locking.

Inflammatory conditions: Conditions such as synovitis, where the lining of the joint becomes inflamed, can be treated arthroscopically.

Patella issues: Problems with the kneecap, such as patellar tendinitis or instability, can be addressed through arthroscopy.

Joint infections: Arthroscopy can be used to diagnose and treat infections within the knee joint.

The knee arthroscopy procedure

Knee arthroscopy is typically performed as an outpatient procedure, allowing patients to return home the same day. The general steps of the procedure include:

Preoperative preparation:

Before the surgery, the patient undergoes a thorough evaluation, including a medical history review and imaging studies such as MRI or X-rays. The surgeon explains the procedure, potential risks and expected outcomes.

Anesthesia: The surgery can be performed under general anesthesia, regional anesthesia (spinal or epidural), or local anesthesia with sedation. The choice of anesthesia depends on the patient's health and the complexity of the procedure.

Incisions and arthroscope insertion: The surgeon makes small incisions around the knee to insert the arthroscope and other surgical instruments. The arthroscope is equipped with a camera that transmits images to a monitor, allowing the surgeon to see inside the joint.

Diagnosis and treatment: The surgeon examines the knee joint to identify the problem. Depending on the diagnosis, various surgical techniques may be used to repair or remove damaged tissue. This could include trimming or repairing a torn meniscus, reconstructing a ligament, or smoothing rough cartilage surfaces.

Closure: Once the necessary repairs are made, the instruments are removed and the incisions are closed with sutures or surgical tape. A sterile bandage is applied to the knee.

Recovery and rehabilitation

Recovery from knee arthroscopy is generally quicker and less painful than recovery from open knee surgery. However, it still requires careful attention and adherence to postoperative instructions:

Immediate postoperative care: Patients are monitored in a recovery area until the effects of anesthesia wear off. Pain and swelling are managed with medications and ice packs.

Rest and elevation: Keeping the knee elevated and using crutches or a knee brace helps reduce swelling and protect the joint during the initial healing period.

Physical therapy: A structured rehabilitation program is important for restoring strength, flexibility and range of motion. Physical therapy typically begins within a few days of the surgery and progresses as healing allows.

Gradual return to activities: Patients are advised to avoid strenuous activities and follow their surgeon's guidelines for gradually resuming normal activities, including work and sports.

Follow-Up appointments: Regular follow-up visits with the surgeon are essential to monitor healing progress and address any complications.

Benefits of knee arthroscopy

Knee arthroscopy offers several advantages over traditional open knee surgery:

Minimally invasive: Smaller incisions result in less tissue damage, reduced scarring and lower risk of infection.

Faster recovery: Patients typically experience quicker recovery times and can return to normal activities sooner.

Reduced pain: Minimally invasive techniques generally cause less postoperative pain compared to open surgery.

Accurate diagnosis and treatment: The arthroscope provides a clear view of the knee joint, allowing for precise diagnosis and targeted treatment of the problem.

Knee arthroscopy is a highly effective and minimally invasive surgical option for diagnosing and treating a wide range of knee problems. Its benefits, including reduced recovery time, minimal scarring and lower risk of complications, make it a preferred choice for many patients. If experiencing persistent knee pain or dysfunction that does not respond to conservative treatments, consult with an orthopedic specialist to determine if knee arthroscopy is the right option. Early intervention and proper postoperative care can help regain mobility and return to daily activities with less pain and improved function.