Journal of Infectious Diseases & Preventive Medicine
Open Access

Monitoring and Mapping of Insecticide Resistance

Faramarz Bozorgomid^{* *}Correspondence: Faramarz Bozorgomid, Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, Email:

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Editorial Note

Phlebotominae of sandflies are the vector of Leishmaniasis, a disease that spreads to more than 98 countries worldwide. Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL) is a neglected tropical disease caused by Leishmania spp, a protozoan parasite that can be transmitted by the bite of a sand fly infected Phlebotomus spp in the old world and Lutzomyia spp in the new world. Since the introduction of synthetic chemical insecticides in the 1940s, they continue to be an effective tool for controlling insects that carry disease pathogens. Unfortunately, insecticides are used indiscriminately and tremendous selective pressure is applied to resist insecticides. Although most species of sand flies are exposed to all major insecticide groups in the world, further evidence suggests that some phlebotomine sand flies may be developing insecticide resistance. Some populations of sand flies are tolerant or resistant to insecticides used in the Middle East, South Asia, and South America. Such as DDT, Phlebotomus argentipes resistant to Pyrethroids from different regions of India reported. To provide authentic information about this novel, the reliable data on academic resources such as Google Scholar, Scopus, Web of Science, Springer, Pro-Quest, Wiley Online, Science Direct, Research Gate, PubMed, Sage, and SID were used. Different levels of susceptibility to insecticides have been reported from around the world. A review of literature on sand fly susceptibility in Southeast Asia shows that Phlebotomus argentipes, the main vector of VL, have shown resistance to DDT. Insecticide resistance has not yet been proven in Lutzomyia longipalpis but there are some signs of its occurrence in this species. For up-to-date information on vector susceptibility to insecticides, periodic monitoring of insecticides should be performed for susceptibility testing. Irrational long-term use of insecticides may cause tolerance or resistance to the target insects. To control the resistance to insecticides in sand flies and other VL and CL vectors, the use of rotation, mosaic and insecticide mixtures are possible methods. Furthermore, guidelines are needed for monitoring and evaluation of insecticide susceptibility tests against sand flies. For current information on vector susceptibility to insecticides, periodic monitoring of insecticides should be performed for susceptibility testing. Irrational long-term use of insecticides may cause tolerance or resistance to the target insects. Studies on the molecular mechanisms of insecticide resistance, such as the identification of molecular markers and biochemical experiments, are also needed. There is a need to establish surveillance in disease-free areas in pre-endemic countries or countries.

The improvement of a capacity in strain of bugs to endure dosages of poisons which would demonstrate deadly to greater part of individual in typical populace of similar species. The size of the issue can be valued as the way that, in 1946 protection from bug sprays was accounted for in just 2 types of creepy crawlies of general wellbeing significance, in 1962 the number rose to 81 species and in 1980 to 134.Resistance rushes to create to compounds with high powerful kill, extended leftover and are profoundly particular at a solitary biochemical objective site. The poison is changed over into a non-poison structure in the collection of bug by different catalysts. This enzymatic changes are helped forward and sent through qualities, single or numerous. Information on bug spray resistance is significant according to the perspective of appropriate determination of insect sprays.

Obstruction Management Rotation of viable insect poisons with various methods of activity are utilized to give bug control just as pivot decreases the danger of fostering the insect spray opposition from creating. Following ought to be thinking about when planning a bug spray control program. Plan ahead determine when in a common season insect sprays applications are probably going to be required and plan for the turn of insect sprays with various methods of activity, keeping away from the back to back utilization of items having a place with a similar method of activity bunch. Plan for possibilities on the off chance that additional applications are required due untypical vermin pervasions.