Mycobacterial Diseases
Open Access

Mycobacterium chelonae Lung Infection: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

Sahim Nawaz^{* *}Correspondence: Sahim Nawaz, Department of Bacteriology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana, Email:

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Description

Mycobacterium chelonae is a rapidly growing Non-Tuberculous Mycobacterium (NTM) that can cause lung infections in humans. This bacterium is found in various environmental sources, including water, soil, and dust. While it is usually harmless, it can pose a threat to individuals with weakened immune systems or underlying lung diseases. In this article, we will explore the causes, symptoms, and treatment options for Mycobacterium chelonae lung infection.

Causes

Mycobacterium chelonae is typically acquired through environmental exposure. It can enter the body through inhalation, ingestion, or contact with an open wound. Common sources of this bacterium include contaminated water sources (such as hot tubs, swimming pools, or poorly maintained plumbing systems), soil, dust, and medical equipment. People with compromised immune systems, such as those with HIV/ AIDS, organ transplant recipients, or individuals undergoing immunosuppressive therapy, are at a higher risk of developing Mycobacterium chelonae lung infection. Additionally, individuals with pre-existing lung conditions like bronchiectasis or Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) may also be susceptible to this infection.

Symptoms

The symptoms of Mycobacterium chelonae lung infection can vary from person to person. Some individuals may experience mild or no symptoms, while others may have more severe respiratory issues. Common symptoms associated with this infection include:

Chronic cough: A persistent cough that lasts for weeks or months.

Shortness of breath: Difficulty breathing or a sensation of breathlessness.

Chest pain: Discomfort or pain in the chest region.

Fatigue: Generalized tiredness or lack of energy.

Fever: Mild to moderate fever, particularly in cases with a more severe infection.

Night sweats: Excessive sweating during sleep.

It is important to note that these symptoms are not exclusive to Mycobacterium chelonae lung infection and can be indicative of other respiratory conditions. Therefore, proper diagnosis by a healthcare professional is crucial for accurate identification and treatment.

Diagnosis

Diagnosing Mycobacterium chelonae lung infection involves a combination of clinical evaluation, medical history assessment, and laboratory tests. Initially, the doctor will review the patient's symptoms, medical history, and potential exposure to environmental sources of the bacterium. Laboratory tests are then conducted to confirm the presence of Mycobacterium chelonae. These tests may include sputum culture, where a sample of mucus coughed up from the lungs is collected and analyzed for the presence of the bacterium. In some cases, a lung biopsy or bronchoscopy may be necessary to obtain a sample for testing.

Treatment

The treatment of Mycobacterium chelonae lung infection typically involves a multidrug antibiotic regimen. The choice of antibiotics and duration of treatment may vary depending on the severity of the infection and the patient's overall health. Commonly used antibiotics for Mycobacterium chelonae include clarithromycin, amikacin, cefoxitin, and imipenem. It is important to note that treating NTM infections can be challenging due to the bacterium's resistance to many antibiotics. Additionally, treatment may need to be continued for several months or even years to ensure eradication of the infection. Regular monitoring and follow-up with a healthcare professional are essential to assess the patient's response to treatment and adjust the medication regimen if necessary.

Conclusion

Mycobacterium chelonae lung infection, caused by a rapidly growing non-tuberculous mycobacterium, can pose a threat to individuals with weakened immune systems or underlying lung diseases. The bacterium is commonly found in various environmental sources, including water, soil, and dust. While symptoms can vary, individuals may experience chronic cough, shortness of breath, chest pain, fatigue, fever, and night sweats. Proper diagnosis is crucial, involving clinical evaluation, medical history assessment, and laboratory tests such as sputum culture.

Treatment typically consists of a multidrug antibiotic regimen, but the bacterium's resistance to antibiotics can make treatment challenging. Prevention involves minimizing exposure through good hygiene practices and avoiding contaminated water sources. Regular monitoring and follow-up with healthcare professionals are essential for successful treatment and management of Mycobacterium chelonae lung infection.