Journal of Probiotics & Health
Open Access

Note on Significance of Gut Microbiota

Chen Lu Lian^{* *}Correspondence: Chen Lu Lian, Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China, Email:

Author info »

Description

The gut microbiota delivers essential capacities for the fermentation of non-digestible substrates alike dietary endogenous intestinal mucus and fibres. This fermentation supports the growth of specialist microbes that harvest short chain fatty acids and gases. The major SCFAs formed are acetate, butyrate and propionate.

Butyrate is the main liveliness source for human colonocytes, can induce apoptosis of colon cancer cells, and can stimulate intestinal gluconeogenesis, having valuable effects on energy homeostasis and glucose. Butyrate is essential for epithelial cells to consume large amounts of oxygen through β oxidation, engendering a state of hypoxia that preserves oxygen balance in the gut, stopping gut microbiota dysbiosis.

Propionate is transported to the liver, where it controls satiety signalling and gluconeogenesis through interaction with the gut fatty acid receptors. Acetate is the most abundant SCFA and an essential metabolite for the development of other bacteria spreads the peripheral tissues where it is used in cholesterol lipogenesis and metabolism, and may play a part in central appetite regulation. Randomised controlled trials have shown that advanced production of SCFAs relates with lower dietinduced fatness and with reduced insulin resistance. Propionate and butyrate, but not acetate, seem to control hormones of gut and decrease appetite and food intake in mice. Gut microbial enzymes donate to bile acid metabolism, producing unconjugated and secondary bile acids that act as signalling molecules and metabolic regulators to impact significant host pathways.

Additional specific products of the gut microbiota have been concerned directly in human health consequences. Examples comprise indolepropionic acid trimethylamine. The production of trimethylamine from dietary carnitine and phosphatidylcholine (from meat and dairy) depends on the gut microbiota and therefore its amount in blood differs between people. Trimethylamine is oxidised in the liver to trimethylamine N-oxide, which is definitely related with an increased risk of atherosclerosis and major opposing cardiovascular events. Indolepropionic acid is extremely connected with dietary fibre intake and has strong radical scavenging activity in vitro, which seems to decrease the risk of occurrence of type 2 diabetes.

The gut microbiota appears to play a role in the growth and progression of obesity. Most studies of overweight and obese people show a dysbiosis characterised by diversity in low level. Germ-free mice that obtain faecal microbes from obese humans gain additional weight than mice that receive microbes from healthy weight humans. A large study of UK twins originate that the genus Christensenella was rare in overweight people and when given to germ free mice prohibited weight gain. This type of microbe and others such as Akkermansia associate with lower instinctual fat deposits. Though much of the confirmatory evidence comes from mouse models, long term weight gain (over 10 years) in humans relates with lowest microbiota diversity, and this connotation is exacerbated by low dietary fibre intake.

Gut microbiota dysbiosis perhaps endorses diet induced metabolic complications and obesity by a variety of mechanisms including altered energy regulation, altered gut hormone regulation, immune dysregulation, and proinflammatory mechanisms such as lipopolysaccharide endotoxins crossing the gut barrier and incoming the portal circulation.

Food additives, such as emulsifiers, which are ubiquitous in processed foods, have also been shown to affect the gut microbiota in animals. Mice fed comparatively low concentrations of two commonly used emulsifiers polysorbate and carboxymethylcellulose showed abridged microbial diversity associated with mice not fed with emulsifiers. Verrucomicrobia and Bacteroidales were reduced and inflammation promoting Proteobacteria connected with mucus was enriched. Additional areas of concern comprise the side effects of popular preventive diets on gut health. These comprise some strict vegan diets, raw food or clean eating diets, gluten-free diets, and low FODMAP (Fermentable Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, Oligosaccharides, and Polyols) diets used to treat irritable bowel syndrome.

Vegans are watched by some as healthier than omnivores. A study of 15 vegans and 16 ominvores originate arresting alterations in serum metabolites generated by the gut microbes but very modest alterations in gut bacterial communities. A measured feeding experiment of 10 human omnivores randomised to obtain either a high fat and low fibre diet or a low fat and high fibre for 10 days found very modest effects on gut microbiome composition and no difference in short chain fatty acid production. Together these data support a greater role for diet influencing the bacterial derived metabolome than just the short term bacterial community.