ARMD: Age Related Macular Degenration

Cigarette or tobacco smoking is a well-recognised major risk factor for a wide range of diseases, such as cardiovascular, respiratory, and malignant diseases, in both men and women [1]. Smoking also has adverse ocular effects. In recent years, blindness has emerged as an important cause of smoking-related disability. Notably, smoking has been linked to age-related eye diseases such as cataract, Graves’ophthalmopathy, glaucoma, and age-related macular degeneration, two leading causes of visual impairment and blindness globally and [2,3].

Many of these diseases lead to irreversible blindness. There is also evidence for a dose-response effect of smoking on eye morbidity [4]. However, relative to other better known smoking-related conditions, the association between smoking and eye diseases is less widely recognised. The awareness of the risk of blindness from smoking is low [5].

Tobacco smoke contains numerous substances, many of which exert toxic influence by producing the ischemia and oxidative stress on various organs including the eye [6]. It leads to the production of toxins which lead to a decreased blood flow to the capillaries and the resultant decrease in nutrition to the eye. Free radicals produced due to smoking lead to impaired cell function [7]. The relationship between smoking and dry eye has not been studied extensively, but for those with dry eye, smoking is a significant irritant that leads to symptoms such as scratchiness, foreign body sensation, burning of the eyes and grittiness [8,9]. These symptoms are suggestive of dry eye syndrome, and are caused by dysfunction in the thin precorneal tear film which covers the entire cornea and bulbar conjunctiva [8].

In this study, we studied ocular morbidity among smokers in central India, awareness regarding ocular side effect among smoker and effect of awareness about smoking among smokers.

To study ocular morbidity among smokers in Central India.

To study awareness regarding ocular side effect among smokers.

To study effect of awareness about smoking among smokers.

This study is adhered to tenets of declaration of Helsinki and was approved by institutional ethical committee of DMIMSU. Informed consent was obtained from all subjects after nature and possible consequences of study was explained to them.

Study setting–The study was conducted in the department of ophthalmology AVBRH attached to JN medical college Sawangi, Wardha, Maharashtra

Study design–Questionnaire based prospective study

Study period–6 month in data collection and 6 month in follow up.

Sample size–170 patients

These patients were explained about the purpose of study before subjecting to questionnaire and performing ocular examination on the examination schedule. Patients were made aware about ill effect of smoking and asked to quit smoking to prevent further ocular damage.

Plan of study–All patient attending ophthalmology OPD AVBRH and who met the

Inclusion criteria:

Age–18-81 years

Current smokers smoking cigarettes every day or more than 4 days per week.

No of cigarettes–4 or more per day

Duration of smoking-more than 6 months

Exclusion criteria:

People who are not able to give informed consent or complete questionnaire.

Patient who had known systemic or ophthalmic disease

People using contact lens

Any history of long term topical medication

Previous ocular surgery.

Questionnaire were prepared and given to patient with the aim to answer the smoking behaviour, ocular and systemic health related complaint and patients perception of effect of smoking on eye. A complete through ophthalmic examination was done.

Questionnaire:

Details of smoking

Duration of smoking

Number of cigarettes

Ocular manifestation of participants

Their awareness of link between smoking and for smoking attributable conditions (lung cancer, heart disease, stroke and blindness and distractor condition deafness.)

All patients were asked to come after 1 week, 1 month, 3 month, and 6 months. Patients were asked about quitting of smoking with their relative in OPD.

Of the total 170 cases, there were 163 males and 7 females. The age range was between 18 and 81 years. Mean age among males was 50 (19-81) and females was 47 (18-77) (Figure 1). Majority started smoking in the age group of 51-70 years (Figure 2).

Figure 1: Showing age wise distribution of patients.

Figure 2: Showing Sex distribution of sample.

The common symptoms found were irritation of eyes seen in 48%, followed by blurring of vision (16%), burning sensation (15%), and itching (6%) (Figure 3).

Figure 3: Showing symptoms of Smokers.

Most patients were aware about lung cancer (93%), heart attack (85%), only 12% patient were aware about blindness due to smoking (Figure 4).

Figure 4: Showing awareness about diseases due to smoking.

Most number of patients had cataract 110 (64%) followed by Dry eye 93 (55%), ARMD 32 (19%), Glaucoma 15 (9%) and graves ophthalmopathy10 (1.7%) (Figure 5).

Figure 5: Showing ocular manifestations of smokers.

In our study, dry eye evaluation done with Schirmer’s test 1, tear film breakup time (TBUT) and staining of the cornea with fluorescein dye. The first test done was Schirmer’s 1 test, where a Schirmer’s strip (Wattmann no 41 filter paper 40 mm long, 5 mm breath) was placed in both the lower eyelid at medial one-third and lateral two third of lower lid and participants were asked to look straight (Table 1). After 5 min the readings were taken and recorded. 10% were diagnosed with severe dry eye, 20% with moderate dry eye and 25% with the mild dry eye (Figure 6).

Table 1: Showing schirmers test evaluation.

Figure 6: Showing percentage of Dry eye in smokers.

Overall 114 (69.41%) patients quit smoking at end of 6 months, 20 (62%) patients having ARMD, 44 (40%) patients having cataract and 9 (60%) patient having glaucoma quit smoking at end of 6 months (Figure 7).

Figure 7: Showing effect of awareness on cessation of smoking among various diseases.

Discussion

The results of the current study suggest that the awareness of blindness as a smoking-related condition was low among current smokers with ocular conditions attending an ophthalmology clinic. Only 12% of subjects were aware of the association between blindness and smoking, the lowest among the six conditions included in the survey.

Relationships between dry eye and smoking have been studied previously. Smokers are known to have symptoms of irritation, burning, watering, and foreign body suggestive of dry eye. Smoking causes a dysfunctional tear film, which results in dry eye. The mechanism by which smoking causes pre-corneal tear film breakdown has not been confirmed, but the presumptive cause is the effect of lipid peroxidation of the outer pre-corneal tear film. Studies have reported damage in lipid layer, which prevent even spreading of tear film. Smokers are reported to have increased lipid peroxidation. Cigarette smoke contains free radicals, aldehyde, peroxidases, epoxides, nitrous oxides, and other pro oxides, these oxidant groups contribute to the damage [8]. Chronic smoking has been reported to cause quantitative and qualitative disturbance in ocular surface health. In our study most no of patient had cataract (64%) followed by Dry eye (55%), ARMD (19%), Glaucoma (9%) and graves ophthalmopathy (1.7%).

Our finding was similar to that in another study on adult outpatients in ophthalmic, general medical, and general surgical clinics in Singapore and Scotland, in which the awareness of blindness as a smoking-related condition was 36.5% and 30.5%, respectively, the lowest amongst a list of conditions including lung cancer, mouth and throat cancer, heart disease, and stroke [10,11] Awareness of a smoking-related disease may help in reducing the number of cigarettes smoked, but this may also be dependent on the perceptions of vulnerability by the smokers and the extent to which they consider the condition to be life threatening.

Health concerns remain the primary motive for smoking cessation [10]. Smokers who believe that they have a smoking-related disease [12] and attribute their symptoms to smoking [13] are more motivated to quit. In addition, smokers who have experienced and attributed an acute sentinel health event to smoking were more likely to stop smoking compared with community-based estimates [14]. About 93% of South-Korean men hospitalised with cardiovascular disease reported their intention to quit smoking [15]. It was also found that smokers who attributed respiratory symptoms to smoking were more likely to quit smoking than others [12]. The current study showed that heart attack was the greatest source of concern among smokers. Our subjects were less fearful of irreversible central blindness from smoking than potentially life-threatening systemic diseases such as heart attack, lung cancer, and stroke, when they were asked to prioritise treatment and prevention among the six conditions included in the survey.

In our study, overall 69.41% patients quit smoking at end of 6 months, out of which 62% patients having ARMD, 40% of patients having cataract and 60% of patients having glaucoma quit smoking at end of 6 months The majority of smokers in our study had normal or near-normal vision and, therefore, may be less fearful of developing blindness from smoking. This might be suggestive of a possible barrier towards smoking cessation in those who are poorly motivated. As such, it may be more appropriate to offer further education on effects of smoking before encouraging a cessation attempt.

Our study in an Asian population yielded results similar to that of Bidwell et al. [16] and Moradi et al. [17] in that the motivation score to quit smoking due to irreversible central blindness was the second highest among all the conditions examined, following only lung cancer. Hence, despite a low level of awareness, blindness is still a significant motivational factor for smoking cessation.

Most common cause of ocular morbidity was cataract followed by Dry eye, ARMD, Glaucoma, optic neuropathy and graves ophthalmopathy. The awareness of the risk of blindness from smoking is low amongst smokers. The fear of blindness may be as powerful a motivational factor to quit smoking as fear of non-ophthalmic smoking-related diseases.

This study assesses the awareness of blindness and other smoking-related conditions on a potentially at risk population of current smokers attending an ophthalmology outpatient clinic. Currently, no data exists on such a large sample of current smokers with eye diseases. This vulnerable group was found to be less fearful of irreversible central blindness from smoking than potentially life threatening systemic diseases such as heart attack, lung cancer, and stroke. Of the smoking-related diseases studied, the motivation to quit smoking due to irreversible central blindness was the second highest after lung cancer.

The ill effects of smoking should be stressed by Public eye health campaigns done by the government as well as private health organizations to encourage people to stop smoking. This indicates the lack of eye health promotion information in regard to smoking. We suggest, adverse effects of smoking on the eye should be stressed to younger age groups, which are more prone for addictions as majority of smokers start at an early age.

First, the symptoms are self-reported and may differ from objective clinical measurement. A control group was not taken in this study. The participants might have been subjected to external factors like exposure at work, passive smoking, air pollution, etc., may affect the eye and is not evaluated. The quantity of tobacco used was not measured and compared with the severity of dry eye. There is also an external social desirability factor bias in a country like India, which could cause smokers to report reduced number of cigarettes smoked. Finally, a hospital sample may not represent general population of the locality.