Journal of Bone Research
Open Access

Recommendations of Magnesium Nutrient for Bone Health

Bronislaw Slomiany^{* *}Correspondence: Bronislaw Slomiany, Department of Medicine, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, New Jersey, USA, Email:

Author info »

Description

Magnesium has an important function in bone health; therefore it could be a promising supplement for preventing bone loss and osteoporosis. The goal of this study was to recommend magnesium intake from any source affected Bone Mineral Density (BMD), Bone Mineral Content (BMC), bone turnover indicators, and fracture risk in older people. People over 50 are at danger of developing osteoporosis, a disease that results in 8.9 million osteoporotic fractures each year around the world. A variety of nutrients are required for bone growth and maintenance. Calcium and vitamin D are well-known for preventing bone loss and consequently the onset of osteoporosis. Magnesium is another mineral important for bone health. This nutrient serves as a cofactor for enzymes involved in the creation of bone matrix, as well as boosting osteoblast proliferation, which aids in bone formation. Magnesium shortage can also result in aberrant hydroxyapatite crystals (a significant component of bone), increased release of proinflammatory cytokines that encourage osteoclast activity, and reduced levels of Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) and 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25 (OH)D]. It's still uncertain whether magnesium has the same effect on osteoporosis development as calcium and vitamin D. Due to decreased absorption and higher excretion of magnesium, older persons are at risk of magnesium insufficiency. Furthermore, magnesium intake among older persons in a number of Western countries have been shown to be lower than the recommended adult intake. Because of the mechanisms via which magnesium influences bone health, as well as the increased risk of magnesium insufficiency and agerelated bone loss, a sufficient magnesium intake can help prevent osteoporosis.

Magnesium absorption occurs in the small intestine and is influenced by a number of factors, including the dose, food matrix, and dietary factors. High doses of other minerals, partially and non-fermentable fibres, phytate, and oxalate are also detrimental dietary variables. Protein, medium-chain triglycerides, and indigestible or low-carbohydrate diets all help to increase magnesium absorption. Gastrointestinal illnesses, persistent alcohol consumption, and conditions that cause malabsorption, such as type 2 diabetes, can all raise magnesium requirements. Additionally, a magnesium deficit can be caused by a number of medications, including Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPIs), diuretics, and chemotherapeutic medicines. There are very few studies looked at drug usage, although the people who were studied were mostly healthy older persons.

Between men and women, there were some differences in the correlations between magnesium consumption and bone health outcomes. Magnesium had a greater impact on fracture risk in women than in men (62 percent and 53 percent reduction, respectively). In men, the correlations between magnesium consumption and total body BMD and hip BMD were not as strong as in women. Women, especially after menopause, are known to have lower micronutrient intakes than men, rendering them more vulnerable to the consequences of dietary deficiencies. Magnesium is required by a number of enzymes involved in vitamin D metabolism, including those that convert vitamin D to its biologically active form. Magnesium interacts with calcium as well. There is an optimal calcium-to-magnesium ratio (recommended to be 2-2.8:1) since high calcium intake complicates magnesium retention and low magnesium levels might contribute to increased calcium excretion.

The most important nutrients for preventing bone loss are calcium and vitamin D. Magnesium, on the other hand, may have a secondary function, which also applies to protein. It is advised that older persons consume 1000 mg of calcium per day (with supplements only if necessary), take vitamin D supplementation (800 IU cholecalciferol) to maintain blood 25(OH)D levels >50 nmol/L, and consume 1.0-1.2 g of dietary protein per kg of body weight each day. On the basis of balancing studies, it is recommended to avoid a low magnesium intake through diet; the sufficient intake is defined at 350 mg/day for adult men and 300 mg/day for adult women. The study of the relation between magnesium and bone health is a significant step in developing preventive treatments for agerelated bone loss and osteoporosis prevention. Furthermore, for the best effect on bone health, a combination of many bone nutrients (calcium, vitamin D, protein, magnesium, and possibly others) is required.