Pediatrics & Therapeutics
Open Access
ISSN: 2161-0665
+44 1478 350008
ISSN: 2161-0665
+44 1478 350008
Case Report - (2016) Volume 6, Issue 4
Immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) is a common pediatric disease characterized by a low circulating platelet count. A 12-year-old female presented to the Emergency Department with menorrhagia of 10 days. Her physical exam was remarkable for ecchymosis in the lower extremities with petechia in the ankles. Hemoglobin and Hematocrit were 7.7 g/dl and 23.4% with platelets of 10/mm³ and giant platelets seen on the smear. She was admitted in the inpatient unit and successfully treated. ITP is a diagnosis of exclusion and a complete workup should be performed to rule out other etiologies. The risk of serious bleeding remains small.
Keywords: Pulmonary; Children; Hydatid cyst; Polyglicolic acid sheet
Echinococcosis is an important health problem and prevalent in many areas of the world. During the surgical management of pulmonary hydatid cysts, prolonged air leakage constitutes a major problem.
This is a retrospective study of 4 children diagnosed with the diagnosis of isolated pulmonary hydatid disease who were treated surgically using PGA sheet between 1/April/2016 and 31/July/2016. Age, sex of the patients, cyst laterality and location, size of the cyst, and days of tube thoracostomy were studied. In addition to the clinical features, chest radiography and computerised tomograghy (CT) were used in the diagnostic work-up and possible involvement of other viscera by the disease was excluded by the above mentioned imaging modalities. Serological tests including IHA (indirect hemagglutination test) were used complementary to radiology in suspected cases.
Clinical presentations of the patients consisted of chest pain and persistent cough during night time. Hemoptysis or the pathognomonic symptoms, hydatoptysis, were not present in any patients. In addition to the clinical features, chest radiography and CT were used in the diagnostic work-up (Figures 1 and 2). All the patients received benzimidazole compounds (Albendazole/mebendazole) with a dosage of 10 mg/kg for a period of 10-14 days before surgical intervention. During standard posterolateral thoracotomy, cyst fluid was aspirated and scolocidal solution (20% NaCl) was instilled into the cyst. After opening the cyst wall, endocyst and daughter cysts were retrieved carefully. Huge bronchial communications were sutured directly and pneumostasis were completed using PGA mesh (Neoveil, Gunze, Osaka, Japan) and each corner of the PGA sheet was sutured with polyglicolic acid (Vicryl ®) (Figure 3). A chest tube was placed within the hemithorax at the end of the surgical procedure. Air leakage was not observed in any of the patients after surgery and the chest tubes were removed when the pleural drainage diminished. Details of the patients were presented in the Table 1.
| Patient | Age (year) | Gender | Cyst laterality and location | Cyst size (cm) | Days of tube thoracostomy |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Case 1 | 4 | Male | Left lung lower lobe | 7 x 8 | 7 |
| Case 2 | 8 | Female | Right lung middle lobe | 6 x 7 | 8 |
| Case 3 | 5 | Male | Right lung lower lobe | 5 x 6 | 8 |
| Case 4 | 15 | Male | Left lung upper lobe | 10 x 11 | 7 |
Table 1: Details of the patients with isolated pulmonary hydatid disease.
Figure 1: X-ray view of a patient with isolated pulmonary hydatid disease.
Figure 2: CT view of a patient with pulmonary hydatid disease.
Figure 3: Operative view of a patient with pulmonary hydatid disease. Note partial cyst wall excision was performed and PGA sheet inserted into the cyst cavity.
Hydatid disease, caused by the larval stage of Echinococcus granulosus, is an important health problem and prevalent in many areas of the world. Although the liver and the lungs are the organs mainly involved by the disease, children are more prone to pulmonary involvement affecting the lung upto in 64% of cases [1-3]. During the surgical management of pulmonary hydatid cysts, prolonged air leakage is a major problem. As the major complications of pulmonary hydatid cyst, during the surgical management of bronchial and/or lung fistulas, direct suturing often aggravates the air leakage at the suture points. PGA has been used to achieve pneumostasis after pulmonary hydatid cyst evacuation [4]. After suture ligation of the huge bronchial communications, PGA is applied to the air leakage surface in the endocyst and the pulmonary fistula is covered with PGA sheet and is thus more likely to burst as a result of incidentally high alveolar air pressure.
Clinical studies of PGA sheets for artificial suture reinforcement were previously reported [4]. Polyglycolic acid non-woven fabrics are composed of PGA homopolymer at 103 molecular weight. PGA is hydrolysable and completely absorbed in the body after three months. Meanwhile its strength begins to decrease by half at three weeks. It is postulated that in the early stage after introduction, PGA sheet serves as a frame to reinforce the fibrin clot membrane, and in later stages, the PGA fibers represent a cradle for collagen fiber synthesis [5].
PGA sheets are now widely used for repairing air leaks in general thoracic surgery without any significant adverse effects [6]. This material has also been used in other organ surgery to prevent bile leakage after hepatic resection, to prevent CSF leakage after spinal surgery [7,8]. During thoracic surgical intervention, it is useful in terms of prevention of air leakage, hemostasis, reinforcement of the suture points and ease of use [9]. But fibrotic reaction and pleural adhesion around the applied PGA material has also been reported [6]. So this issue should be taken into consideration during the management of pulmonary hydatid cyst.
In conclusion, the management of pulmonary hydatid cysts, surgical intervention combined with PGA usage seems useful. This technique may contribute to shorten hospitalization, and it seems that it may result in reduction of post-thoracotomy alveolar leakage.