Journal of Odontology
Open Access

Risks, Symptoms, and Prevention Techniques in Oral Cancer

Alexandru Moisii^{* *}Correspondence: Alexandru Moisii, Department of Oral Pathology, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, China, Email:

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Description

Oral cancer is a serious health issue that impacts the tissues of the mouth, including the lips, gums, tongue, and the inner lining of the cheeks. While it can occur in any part of the oral cavity, the most common sites include the tongue and the floor of the mouth. Awareness of this disease is essential, as early detection can significantly improve treatment outcomes.

Risk factors

Multiple risk factors are linked to the development of oral cancer. These include:

Tobacco use: Smoking and chewing tobacco are among the leading causes of oral cancer. Tobacco products contain carcinogens that harm the cells in the oral cavity, raising the risk of developing cancer.

Alcohol consumption: Heavy alcohol use, especially in combination with tobacco, further elevates the risk of developing oral cancer. The interaction between alcohol and tobacco can create a synergistic effect, significantly increasing the likelihood of cancerous changes.

Human Papillomavirus (HPV): Certain strains of HPV, particularly HPV-16, are linked to oropharyngeal cancers. The prevalence of HPV-related oral cancers has been rising, particularly among younger individuals who may not exhibit traditional risk factors.

Sun exposure: Excessive exposure to the sun can lead to lip cancer. Protecting the lips with sunscreen or lip balm containing Sun Protection Factor (SPF) is essential for those who spend significant time outdoors.

Poor oral hygiene: Chronic irritation from ill-fitting dentures, rough teeth, or untreated oral conditions can contribute to the development of oral cancer.

Age and gender: Oral cancer is more commonly diagnosed in individuals over the age of 40, and men are at a higher risk compared to women.

Symptoms of oral cancer

Early detection of oral cancer can greatly improve treatment outcomes. Key symptoms to watch for include:

Sore or ulcer: Persistent sores or ulcers in the mouth that do not heal within two weeks.

Lumps or thickening: Unexplained lumps or thickened areas in the oral tissues.

White or red patches: Patches of white (leukoplakia) or red (erythroplakia) tissue on the gums, tongue, or lining of the mouth.

Difficulty swallowing: Persistent difficulty in swallowing or chewing, accompanied by discomfort.

Changes in speech: Alterations in speech or hoarseness that do not improve over time.

Numbness: Unexplained numbness or loss of feeling in the oral cavity or lips.

If anyone experiences, any of these symptoms, it’s vital to consult a healthcare professional for a thorough evaluation.

Diagnosis and treatment

Diagnosis of oral cancer typically involves a physical examination, imaging tests (such as X-rays, Computed Tomography (CT) scans, or Magnetic Resonance Imaging Scans (MRIs), and a biopsy to confirm the presence of cancerous cells. The treatment approach may vary based on the stage and location of the cancer and can include:

Surgery: Removal of the tumor and surrounding tissues may be necessary.

Radiation therapy: Often used after surgery to eliminate remaining cancer cells.

Chemotherapy: Medications may be used to target cancer cells, particularly in advanced stages.

Targeted therapy: Newer treatments focus on specific molecular targets involved in cancer growth.

Prevention strategies

Preventing oral cancer involves addressing the risk factors. Here are some proactive steps that one can take:

Avoid tobacco: Refrain from using any form of tobacco to reduce the risk significantly.

Limit alcohol: Moderate the alcohol intake and seek help in reducing consumption.

Practice good oral hygiene: Regular brushing, flossing, and dental check-ups can help maintain oral health and detect issues early.

Protecting from HPV: Consider vaccination against HPV and engage in safe practices to reduce exposure.

Sun protection: Apply lip balm with SPF and wear a widebrimmed hat when spending time outdoors.

Conclusion

Oral cancer is a serious condition that warrants attention and awareness. Understanding the risk factors, recognizing the symptoms, and engaging in preventive measures can significantly impact outcomes. Regular dental check-ups and open discussions with healthcare providers about any concerns can lead to early detection and improved treatment options.