Journal of Glycobiology
Open Access

Short Note on Glycosyltransferases and Sialytransferases

Mary Rivera^{* *}Correspondence: Mary Rivera, Department of Biotechnology, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark, Email:

Author info »

Introduction

Glycosyltransferases are enzymes that build up characteristic glycosidic linkages. They catalyse the exchange of saccharide moieties from an activated nucleotide sugar to a nucleophilic glycosyl acceptor molecule [1]. The result of glycosyl exchange can be a carbohydrate, glycoside, oligosaccharide.

A few glycosyltransferases catalyse transfer to inorganic phosphate or aqueous solution. Glycosyl exchange can also happen to protein residues. Numerous glycosyltransferases are single-pass transmembrane proteins, and they are generally secured to films of Golgi apparatus.

Sialyltransferases are enzymes that exchange sialic acid to incipient oligosaccharide [2]. Each sialyltransferase is particular for a specific sugar substrate. Sialyltransferases include sialic acid to the terminal parts of the sialylated glycolipids to the N- or O-linked sugar chains of glycoproteins. Biosynthesis of disaccharides, polysaccharides and oligosaccharides involves the activity of hundreds of distinctive glycosyltransferases. These proteins catalyse the exchange of sugar moieties from actuated donor particles to particular acceptor molecules, forms glycosidic bonds. As happens for other glycosyltransferases, the expression of sialyltransferases undergoes significant alterations during cell separation and neoplastic change; in a few cases such changes actuate phenotypic alterations [3]. Glycosyltransferases can be isolated into retaining or rearranging proteins according to

whether the stereochemistry of the donor's anomeric bond is retained or modified during the exchange.The altering component is direct, requiring a single nucleophilic attack from the accepting molecule to alter stereochemistry.

An orthogonal associative instrument has been proposed which, the inverting enzymes, requires only a single nucleophilic attack from an acceptor from a non-linear point to attain anomer maintenance [4]. Glycosyltransferases can endure alterations to the acceptor sugar, as long as the acceptor meets particular structural necessities.

Glycosyltransferases have been broadly utilized within the both targeted synthesis of particular glycoconjugates as well as the blend of differentially glycosylated libraries, natural probes or normal products within the context of medicate improvement [5].

Suitable proteins can be separated from normal sources or created recombinantly. As an alternative, entire cell-based systems utilizing either endogenous glycosyl givers or cell-based systems containing cloned and communicated systems for synthesis of glycosyl givers have been developed.

Glycosyltransferases are responsible for the amalgamation of most cell-surface glycoconjugates in mammalian systems and cell-wall polysaccharides in plants, organisms and microbes.

References

1. Williams GJ, Thorson JS. Natural product glycosyltransferases: properties and applications. Advances in Enzymology - and Related Areas of Molecular Biology. 2009;76: 55–119.
2. Olio D, Chiricolo, Glycoconjugate J. 2001;18: 841-850.
3. Harduin-Lepers A, Vallejo-Ruiz V, Krzewinski-Recchi MA, Samyn-Petit B, Julien S, et al. The human sialyltransferase family.Biochimie. 2001;83: 727-37.
4. Schuman B, Evans SV, Fyles TM. "Geometric Attributes of Retaining Glycosyltransferase Enzymes Favor an Orthogonal Mechanism". PLOS ONE. 2013;8: e71077.
5. Gantt RW, Peltier-Pain P, Thorson JS. "Enzymatic methods for glyco(diversification/randomization) of drugs and small molecules". Natural Product Reports. 2011;28: 1811–53.

References

1. Williams GJ, Thorson JS. Natural product glycosyltransferases: properties and applications. Advances in Enzymology - and Related Areas of Molecular Biology. 2009;76: 55–119.
2. Harduin-Lepers A, Vallejo-Ruiz V, Krzewinski-Recchi MA, Samyn-Petit B, Julien S, et al. The human sialyltransferase family.Biochimie. 2001;83: 727-37.
3. Schuman B, Evans SV, Fyles TM. "Geometric Attributes of Retaining Glycosyltransferase Enzymes Favor an Orthogonal Mechanism". PLOS ONE. 2013;8: e71077.
4. Gantt RW, Peltier-Pain P, Thorson JS. "Enzymatic methods for glyco(diversification/randomization) of drugs and small molecules". Natural Product Reports. 2011;28: 1811–53.