Journal of Perioperative & Critical Intensive Care Nursing
Open Access

Symptoms, Diagnosis, Prevention, and Treatment of Acute Coronary Syndrome

Huan Tian^{* *}Correspondence: Huan Tian, Department of General Medicine, First Medical University, Shandong, China, Email:

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About the Study

Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) is a syndrome (a collection of symptoms) brought on by a decrease in blood flow to the heart's muscles, which results in some of the heart muscle either dying or ceasing to function. The most prevalent symptom is a centrally located, excruciating chest pain that commonly extends to the left shoulder or angle of the jaw and is accompanied by nausea and sweat. Acute coronary syndrome commonly appears with symptoms other than chest pain, especially in females, older people, and people with diabetes mellitus.

Acute coronary syndrome is divided into three categories: ST elevation myocardial infarction, non-ST elevation myocardial infarction, and unstable angina depending on the length of the symptoms, the presence of Electrocardiogram abnormalities, and the results of blood tests. Symptoms of unstable angina often develop within less than 30 minutes. If symptoms persist for more than 30 minutes, an acute myocardial infarction is the likely diagnosis. It is really important to distinguish between ACS and stable angina, a condition that manifests at times of stress or physical activity and disappears after resting. In contrast to stable angina, unstable angina occurs suddenly, often while the patient is at rest, with little effort, or with less exertion than the person's prior angina. It is sometimes referred to as unstable angina since new-onset angina signals a coronary artery issue. Acute Coronary Syndrome often reveals some degree of coronary atherosclerotic disease. The key approaches to avoid atherosclerosis include healthy living, exercise, managing diabetes and hypertension, stopping smoking, and keeping good cholesterol levels. It has been shown that aspirin reduces the frequency of cardiovascular events in persons with significant risk factors. Secondary prevention is taken into consideration in connection to myocardial infarction. Scotland had a 17% drop in acute coronary syndrome hospital admissions following the implementation of a smoking ban in all enclosed public spaces in March 2006.

67% of the drop was attributable to non-smokers. Patients with suspected ACS are commonly treated with aspirin, clopidogrel or ticagrelor, nitroglycerin, and morphine. Other analgesics, such nitrous oxide, may have unknown advantages. Angiography is recommended if a person's ECG shows a new ST elevation or a new left or right bundle branch block. Extra oxygen does not appear to be advantageous unless the individual has low oxygen levels. Acute coronary syndrome is more common in men than in women when there is chest pain and a normal or nondiagnostic ECG. According to this study, the sensitivity and specificity were 65.2% and 44%, respectively. The prevalence of acute coronary syndrome in this research was 8.4%; as a result, the positive predictive value for a male experiencing chest discomfort having coronary syndrome is 9.6%, and the negative predictive value is 93.2. In a second cohort experiment, followup revealed that exercise electrocardiography was a comparably ineffective predictor of acute coronary syndrome. Six years after the study's beginning, 47% of the individuals had a coronary event; they all had an ECG that was negative. With an average follow-up of 2.21 years, the resting ECG received a receiver operating characteristic curve score of 0.72, while the exercise ECG received a score of 0.74. Prognosis scores are offered with prediction scores for the diagnosis of ACS. Due of its diagnostic value and ability to predict a patient's death risk using that value, the grace ACS Risk and Mortality score is highly noteworthy.

Clinical information (abnormalities in blood pressure, heart rate, and EKG) and medical history are both taken into account in its grading system. Chest discomfort, which manifests as tightness around or over the chest and spreads to the left arm and left angle of the jaw, is the main indicator of a significantly decreased blood flow to the heart. There may also be chest pain, diaphoresis (sweating), nausea, and vomiting. The feeling is frequently "atypical," causing patients to experience a variety of pains or perhaps no pain at all (this is more common in female patients and those with diabetes). Palpitations, anxiety, or a sense of impending doom may be experienced by some persons. The chest pain being described as a pressure is not particularly useful in reaching a diagnosis because ACS is not clearly emphasized.