Journal of Medical & Surgical Pathology
Open Access

Techniques of Sampling and Its Application in Histopathology

Jaehoon Kim^{* *}Correspondence: Jaehoon Kim, Department of Pathology, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea, Email:

Author info »

Description

Histology is a standard lab method used to evaluate the morphology and structure of cells, tissues, and organs under the microscope. Histological studies of organic examples frequently lead to the establishment of structure, which may have diagnostic and prognostic value in the clinical context. A histopathologist can evaluate tissues that could be cancerous or atypical and aid other medical specialists by making diagnoses or assessing the effectiveness of treatments. Histopathology is the study of human tissue under a microscope to detect any indications of disease, damage, or other abnormalities. Classical histological techniques made it possible to observe tissues and cells interestingly and to recognize their single parts. A remarkable achievement arising from technical advances in histological techniques is the ability to detect disease based on the morphological modifications of cells or on the perceptions of pathogenic agents (like microbes) in tissue tests. Histology advancement has subsequently given a significant symptomatic apparatus, which is routinely applied in clinics to detect diseases such as cancer, neurodegeneration, and even infection.

Sampling techniques

In addition to histopathology, pathologists may use other techniques to assess the presence of cancer in the tissues.

Molecular techniques: A branch of biomedical sciences known as molecular pathology is concerned with the progress, development, and evolution of diseases at the molecular level. It is used in biomedical research to understand particular diseases, such as cancer and genetic conditions, including in clinical practice for patients. Molecular pathology is typically regarded as a subset of the science of pathology, but it also involves genetics, immunology, and many other aspects of the medical industry, and it can be approached from a variety of perspectives.

Immunohistochemistry: It is considered as a more advanced branch of histopathology.Immunohistochemistry is typically added after initial histological testing if it is determined to be insufficient for a diagnosis. In IHC, a molecule is first labelled with primary antibodies, which are followed by secondary antibodies that are bound to the primary ones. In immunoperoxidase staining, an enzyme called peroxidase and an antibody are associated to catalyze a process that results in the protein being selectively stained brown. IHC can also use fluorescently labelled antibodies, allowing a specific pattern to be seen from the fluorescence that is released when viewed under a light microscope. The IHC pattern, which demonstrates nuclear, membrane, or cytoplasmic patterns, is considered as diagnostic. When the presence or absence of specific proteins can form a basis for a diagnosis, IHC is frequently utilized. It can also be used to distinguish between two different disease processes that may otherwise appear similar to the pathologist.

Chromosomal studies: To check for gene rearrangements and specific chromosomal alterations, pathologists may carry out molecular and chromosomal examinations. Genes that have been added or removed can occasionally affect prognosis. A cancer tissue sample may have hereditary or acquired genetic alterations. For instance, the 17p region of one chromosome is deleted in Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). A gene that aids in tumour suppression frequently disappears along with the missing chromosome. Approximately 5% to 10% of people with CLL have the 17p deletion. It is more difficult to treat the 17p deletion CLL with standard chemotherapy. The study of tissue to identify disease is known as histopathology. Pathologists perform histopathology in a lab. They use a microscope to examine tissue, and then develop a report of their findings. Reports on histopathology may include information about the tissue, a diagnosis, and a prognosis. Pathologists may utilize multiple methods in addition to assessing the form and structure of cells to determine and diagnose cancer.