Journal of Infectious Diseases & Preventive Medicine
Open Access

The Diagnosis and Prevention of Monkeypox: A Rare Viral Disease and its Global Implications

Ernesto Oluwafemi Dibia^{* *}Correspondence: Ernesto Oluwafemi Dibia, Department of Infectious Disease, University of Ibadan, Oyo, Nigeria, Email:

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Description

Monkeypox is a rare viral disease that belongs to the family Poxviridae. It was first identified in monkeys in the Democratic Republic of Congo in 1958 and later found to infect humans. The virus is closely related to the variola virus, which causes smallpox. Monkeypox is primarily found in central and West African countries, although sporadic cases have been reported in other regions. The transmission of monkeypox occurs through contact with infected animals, primarily rodents and non-human primates. Human-to-human transmission can also occur, mainly through close contact with respiratory droplets or skin lesions of infected individuals. In rare cases, the virus can be transmitted through contaminated objects, such as bedding or clothing. The incubation period of monkeypox ranges from 7 to 14 days. The initial symptoms resemble those of many other febrile illnesses, including fever, headache, muscle aches, and fatigue. As the disease progresses, characteristic skin lesions develop, which typically start as macules (flat, discolored spots) and progress to papules (raised bumps), vesicles (fluid-filled blisters), and pustules (pus-filled blisters). The lesions are usually concentrated on the face, trunk, and extremities, including the palms and soles.

Monkeypox is generally a self-limiting illness, with most cases resolving within 2 to 4 weeks. However, severe cases can occur, particularly in individuals with weakened immune systems. Complications may include secondary bacterial infections, pneumonia, and encephalitis. The case fatality rate is relatively low, estimated to be less than 10% in the general population. Surveillance for monkeypox is challenging due to its similarity to other diseases, such as chickenpox and smallpox. Laboratory diagnosis involves detecting the virus or its genetic material in clinical specimens, such as skin lesions or respiratory secretions. Serological tests can also detect specific antibodies produced in response to the infection. Prevention and control strategies for monkeypox primarily focus on reducing the risk of animal-tohuman transmission and interrupting human-to-human transmission. Avoiding contact with wild animals, especially sick or dead animals, is crucial. Health education campaigns are essential to raise awareness among affected communities about the risk factors and preventive measures. Vaccination against the smallpox, using the vaccinia virus vaccine, has shown some protective effect against monkeypox and is recommended for individuals at high risk. In recent years, there have been sporadic outbreaks of monkeypox in various African countries. These outbreaks have often been associated with human-to-human transmission and have resulted in clusters of cases. Improved surveillance and early detection are vital for effective outbreak response, including prompt isolation of infected individuals and contact tracing. The global impact of monkeypox remains relatively low compared to other infectious diseases. However, the potential for the virus to spread to new geographic areas and the emergence of more severe forms of the disease shows ongoing challenges. Continued research into the epidemiology, pathogenesis, and treatment of monkeypox is necessary to enhance our understanding and develop effective control measures. International travel and trade can contribute to the spread of monkeypox beyond Africa. Several cases have been reported in the United States, Europe, and other regions among individuals who have traveled from endemic areas. Timely detection and rapid response are vital to prevent further transmission and potential outbreaks. In recent years, there have been concerns about the increasing incidence of monkeypox in Africa. Factors such as encroachment into natural habitats, deforestation, and changes in human behavior and population dynamics may contribute to the increased risk of zoonotic diseases like monkeypox. Strengthening surveillance systems, promoting public awareness, and supporting research efforts are essential for effective prevention and control.

Conclusion

Monkeypox is a rare viral disease primarily found in Central and West Africa, with occasional cases identified outside the region. It is transmitted to humans through direct contact with infected animals and can be spread between humans. The disease presents as a febrile illness with a characteristic rash and can be severe, especially in immunocompromised individuals. Diagnosis requires laboratory confirmation, and prevention measures focus on reducing exposure and implementing infection control practices. Continued research and surveillance efforts are crucial to better understand and manage monkeypox outbreaks effectively.