Anatomy & Physiology: Current Research
Open Access

The Effect of Arthritis and its Impact on Daily Life

Alessandra Bianchi^{* *}Correspondence: Alessandra Bianchi, Department of Rheumatology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia, Email:

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Description

Arthritis is one of the most common chronic conditions affecting millions of people worldwide. It is a broad term encompassing over 100 types of joint disorders that cause inflammation, stiffness, and pain. Arthritis is not a single disease but rather an umbrella term for conditions that affect the joints, the areas where bones meet and move. These conditions typically result in inflammation, which leads to pain, swelling, stiffness, and decreased joint mobility. The two most common types of arthritis are Osteoarthritis (OA) and Rheumatoid arthritis (RA), but many other forms exist, including Psoriatic arthritis (PA), gout, and lupus.

Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most prevalent form of arthritis and is often referred to as "wear and tear" arthritis. OA occurs when the cartilage that cushions the ends of bones within a joint wears down over time. This leads to bones rubbing directly against each other, causing pain, swelling, and restricted movement. OA primarily affects weight-bearing joints like the knees, hips, and spine, but it can occur in any joint, including the fingers. Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disorder where the body’s immune system mistakenly attacks the synovium. This immune response triggers inflammation that can eventually destroy the cartilage and bone within the joint. Unlike OA, RA can affect multiple joints at once and may impact other organs such as the lungs, heart, and eyes. RA is typically symmetrical, meaning it affects joints on both sides of the body equally.

The causes of arthritis vary depending on the type, but common factors include age, as people age the wear and tear on joints accumulates, which can lead to osteoarthritis. Rheumatoid arthritis, on the other hand, can occur at any age but most commonly begins in middle age. There is a genetic predisposition to both OA and RA. If someone has a family history of arthritis, they may be at higher risk of developing the condition. Previous joint injuries, especially those resulting in joint damage, can increase the risk of arthritis. For example, athletes who sustain knee injuries may be more prone to developing osteoarthritis later in life. Carrying excess weight puts additional stress on weight-bearing joints, particularly the knees and hips. Over time, this increased stress can contribute to the breakdown of cartilage and the onset of OA. Some forms of arthritis, such as septic arthritis, are caused by infections in the joints. Gout, another type of arthritis, is caused by the accumulation of uric acid crystals in the joints, leading to inflammation and pain. In autoimmune forms of arthritis like RA, the immune system attacks healthy joint tissues, mistaking them for harmful pathogens. The precise cause of this immune response is not well understood, but it is believed to be a combination of genetic and environmental factors.

The primary symptoms of arthritis are pain, stiffness, and swelling in the joints. These symptoms can vary in severity and may come and go, depending on the type of arthritis and the individual. Arthritis-related pain may be constant or intermittent, and it can worsen with activity or after periods of rest. In severe cases, the pain can become debilitating and interfere with daily activities. Morning stiffness is a characteristic symptom, especially in RA, where joints may feel especially stiff for an extended period after waking up. Joints affected by arthritis often become swollen due to the inflammation. In RA, this can lead to noticeable warmth and redness around the joints. As arthritis progresses, joints may lose their flexibility and mobility. In advanced cases, joints can become permanently deformed. Particularly in autoimmune forms of arthritis like RA, individuals may experience fatigue, fever, and a general sense of feeling unwell.

Arthritis can have a profound impact on the lives of those who suffer from it. For many people, the chronic pain and stiffness make it difficult to carry out everyday tasks like walking, dressing, or cooking. In severe cases, arthritis can lead to disability and a loss of independence. Beyond physical limitations, arthritis can also affect mental health. Living with constant pain and reduced mobility can lead to feelings of frustration, anxiety, and depression. Moreover, arthritis can strain relationships, limit social activities, and reduce overall quality of life.

While there is no cure for arthritis, various treatments can help manage symptoms and slow disease progression. The treatment plan often depends on the type of arthritis but typically includes a combination of medication, lifestyle changes, and physical therapy. Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs), corticosteroids, and Disease-Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs (DMARDs) are commonly prescribed to reduce inflammation and pain. In RA, biologic agents may be used to target specific parts of the immune system. Exercise and physical therapy help maintain joint function, improve strength, and reduce pain. Low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and cycling are often recommended. Maintaining a healthy weight can reduce stress on joints and alleviate symptoms, particularly in OA. In cases of severe arthritis, joint replacement surgery may be considered to restore mobility and reduce pain.