Mycobacterial Diseases
Open Access

The Genetics of Tuberculosis by Mycobacterium bovis

Obid Shang^{* *}Correspondence: Obid Shang, Department of Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China, Email:

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Description

Tuberculosis (TB) is a significant public health concern worldwide, with Mycobacterium tuberculosis being the most common causative agent. However, Mycobacterium bovis, a closely related pathogen, is also responsible for TB in both animals and humans [1]. M. bovis primarily affects cattle but can be transmitted to humans, causing zoonotic tuberculosis. This crossspecies transmission highlights the importance of understanding the molecular epidemiology of M. bovis to implement effective control and prevention strategies [2]. M. bovis is primarily transmitted to humans through the consumption of unpasteurized dairy products, direct contact with infected animals, or inhalation of aerosols in environments where infected animals are present. People living in close proximity to livestock, those involved in the dairy industry, and individuals consuming raw dairy products are at higher risk [3]. Additionally, immunocompromised individuals, such as those with HIV, are more susceptible to infection.

Molecular epidemiology

Molecular epidemiology involves the use of genetic and molecular tools to study the patterns, causes, and effects of diseases in populations. In the case of M. bovis, several molecular techniques are utilized to understand its epidemiology, including spoligotyping, Variable-Number Tandem Repeat (VNTR) analysis, and Whole-Genome Sequencing (WGS) [4]. Molecular epidemiology studies have revealed important insights into the transmission and spread of M. bovis. For instance, spoligotyping and VNTR analysis have identified specific strains responsible for outbreaks in both human and animal populations. These techniques have also highlighted the role of wildlife, such as deer and badgers, in maintaining and spreading M. bovis in certain regions [5].

WGS has further elucidated the genetic relationships between strains, demonstrating the zoonotic potential of M. bovis and its ability to adapt to different hosts. Understanding the molecular epidemiology of M. bovis is important for public health efforts to control and prevent zoonotic TB [6]. Improved diagnostic techniques, such as WGS, enable faster and more accurate identification of M. bovis infections, facilitating timely interventions. Public health authorities can use molecular data to design targeted surveillance programs, focusing on high-risk populations and regions with known M. bovis transmission [7]. Additionally, educating the public about the risks of consuming unpasteurized dairy products and promoting safe animal handling practices are essential components of prevention strategies.

Variable-Number Tandem Repeat (VNTR) analysis: VNTR analysis is another PCR-based method that examines the number of tandem repeats at multiple loci in the M. bovis genome. This technique provides higher discriminatory power than spoligotyping, allowing for more precise differentiation between strains [8]. VNTR analysis has been used to investigate outbreaks, trace transmission chains, and understand the genetic diversity of M. bovis in different regions.

Whole-Genome Sequencing (WGS): WGS offers the most comprehensive approach to studying the molecular epidemiology of M. bovis. By sequencing the entire genome, researchers can obtain detailed information about the genetic makeup of different strains, including Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs), insertions, deletions, and other genomic variations [9]. WGS has revolutionized our understanding of M. bovis epidemiology, providing insights into the evolution, transmission dynamics, and potential virulence factors of different strains [10].

CONCLUSION

The molecular epidemiology of M. bovis provides valuable insights into the transmission dynamics, genetic diversity, and evolution of this zoonotic pathogen. By employing advanced molecular techniques, researchers can better understand the sources and pathways of M. bovis infections, informing public health strategies to reduce the burden of TB caused by this pathogen. Continued research and surveillance are essential to combat the public health threat posed by M. bovis and to protect both human and animal health.

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