Diabetes Mellitus is an old disease but modern epidemics. The epidemics of diabetes in China, developing and developed countries have been growing now. For this reason, medical expenses on diabetes diagnosis and treatments have been increased greatly worldwide now [1,2]. Many people of experienced medical personnel and many new comers all enthuse for diabetes studies. Owing to the diversity of talents and educational backgrounds of researchers, scientific merits and usefulness of experimental or clinical study have been differed greatly. This editorial will address some of them.

Developing to type 2 diabetes mellitus might undergo a long course of pathogenesis processes in susceptible human (many of them are family inherence). Many preventive measures or control food intake can slow the disease progression and reduce morbidity rates. Some good and long-term educations, propaganda and wide-spread the basic knowledge and themes of diabetes pathogenesis and therapeutics will be beneficial to people’ healthy quality.

Development of more effective and less toxic drugs is always the ultimate goals of drug developments and manufactures. Likelihood, it is one of the major avenues of diabetes mellitus treatment study and clinical applications [3-8]. Despite insulin and insulin-derivatives are the safest and first-line anti-hyperglycemia therapeutic options and can be used in both type I and type II diabetes mellitus patients, it also has some obvious deficiency. The most conspicuous one is that needle injection is needed every day, which leads to treatment inconvenience and physical burden for diabetes mellitus patients. Currently, oral intake of drugs is the most welcoming and environmental-friendly drug administration options for all patients. Thus, some small-molecular chemicals having the insulin-configurations or insulin receptors binding activity might be potential oral anti-hyperglycemia drugs for surrogating insulin or insulin-derivatives. In future, we can compare, simulate and calculate insulin-configurations or insulin receptors binding activity from large-pool of small-molecular chemicals pipelines by computing or experimental work.

Seeking solutions outside of normal therapeutic arsenals, such as propolis is also good options [9]. Propolis is bee extracts of waxy-like and other components. It has been discovered for anti-bacterial, antifungal or anti-tumors [9]. In China, it has been licensed as healthypromoting agents. Now it has been largely sold for treatment of diabetes mellitus and received widely acclaiming for its efficacy in China. Many renowned-brands of long history Chinese Pharmaceutical Companies are almost all manufactured and sold propolis widely. Nonetheless, large-scale, double-blind systematic clinical investigations are needed in future. Some similar alterations should also be initiated, cooperatively studied, testified and verified by more experimental, preclinical or clinical investigations worldwide (Table 1).

Table 1: Current targets and mechanisms of different drugs for diabetes mellitus treatments

Since a lot of people are agonized and suffered with hyperglycemia and related complications worldwide, current diabetes mellitus therapy needs to be improved. Many persistent efforts and novel ideas are all welcomed. Table 2 illustrates roadmap and many avenues for diabetes mellitus treatment study and clinical usefulness in future.

Table 2: Possible roadmap and landscape for future anti-hyperglycemia study Adapted and modified from ref 3.

In future, new challenges relating to improve therapeutic outcomes for late-staged diabetes mellitus patients are urgently needed. In addition, personal diabetes treatment might be also useful and perfected by persistent experimental and clinical investigations and systematic studies.

This work was funded by Shanghai Science and Technology Foundation of High Educations 97A49