Journal of Infectious Diseases & Preventive Medicine
Open Access

Towards an HIV Vaccine Based on Immune Network Theory II

Geoffrey W. Hoffmann^1*, Teri Otto², Michael Grant³, Sybille Muller^4* and Heinz Kohler^{5 *}Correspondence: Geoffrey W. Hoffmann, Network Immunology Inc., Vancouver B.C. V6K 2G2, Canada, Email: Sybille Muller, Immpheron Inc., Lexington, KY 40509, USA, Tel: +1-859-533-7287, Email:

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Introduction

In 1974 Jerne proposed that the immune system is organized as a network of interacting antibodies within a corresponding network of antibody-producing lymphocytes [1]. Subsequently Kohler demonstrated that the network-interaction of Ab and anti-Ab (idiotype and anti-idiotype) were symmetrical [2,3]. Richter expanded the model by suggesting that the network continues as a chain-reaction Ab1-Ab2-Ab3…..[4]. Hoffmann proposed that within the cloud of Ab’s related to an immune response mutually specific clones are stimulated, a process called co-selection [5]. This phenomenon was first observed by Oudin and Casenave showing sharing of idiotopes by antibodies with different specificity [6]. The monoclonal IgM 1F7 antibody recognizes an “idiotope” shared by anti-HIV1 and anti-HCV antibodies [7-9]. Thus, the 1F7 is a disease related Ab2 and has been designated as Ab2 delta [10]. This study was undertaken to 1) see if rabbits can be used to investigate the co-selection process and 2) if 1F7 can direct the response to HIV1 towards a broadly neutralizing antibodies response.

Materials and Methods

Antigens

Recombinant HIV-1 gp120-IIIB and rgp41 -MN were purchased from Intracel Corporation (Cambridge, MA, USA).

Gp41-MPER peptide (sequence) was synthesized by Genemed Synthesis (South San Francisco, CA, USA).

Mouse monoclonal (mAb) 1F7, IgM, Kappa was provided by Drs. Heinz Kohler and Sybille Muller, Lexington, KY. TEPC183 (IgM, kappa) was obtained from Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO.

Conjugation

1F7 DSS Conjugation Protocol: 5 mg 1F7 in PBS pH 7.2 were dissolved in 10 M excess DSS 30 fold excess MPER peptide or gp120. In other word, dissolve 20 mg DSS in in 1 ml DMF and immediately add 60 μl of this solution to antibody (5 mg/ml). Add 50 μl of peptide or rgp120 (10 mg/ml) which was solubilized in DMF. React at room temperature for 30 min on lab. Add 50 μl 1 M tris to quench the react at room temperature for 15 min.Desalt over PD-10 columns to remove excess reagent [11].

1F7 MBS Conjugation with Cys containing gp41 MPER Peptide and rgp120: 5 mg 1F7 PBS pH 7.2 were dissolved in 10 M excess MBS 30 fold excess peptide or rgp120 was added. Dissolve 20 mg MBS in 1 ml DMF. Immediately add 60 μl of this solution to antibody (5 mg/ml). React at room temperature for 30 min on lab quake. Desalt over PD-10 column. Add 30 fold excess MPER cys peptide and react for 30 min at room temperature. Add 50 μl of 100 mM cys to quench the reaction and react 30 min at room temperature. Desalt over PD-10 column [12].

Rabbits

New Zealand Rabbits were purchased from Cedarlane (www.cedarlane labs).

Vaccination

Rabbits were injected using 1F7 MBS Conjugation with Cys linker. Total of 6 groups will be enrolled. Group 1 (n=2) will receive 1F7-gp120 conjugate in alum; Group 2 (n=2) will receive 1F7-MPER conjugate in alum; Group 3 (n=1) will receive gp120 in complete Freund’s adjuvant; Group 4 (n=1) will 1F7 plus B12 in alum. Similarly, as controls we will treat Group 5 (n=2) with 1F7 cross-linked sham-treated in alum and Group 6 (n=2) with Mouse IgM-MPER peptide conjugate in alum.

Administration of antigens

Group 1 animals (Rabbits R1 and R2) have received 100 μg 1F7- gp120 conjugate with alum.

Group 2 animals (Rabbits R3 and R4) have received 100 μg 1F7- MPER conjugate with alum.

Group 3 animal (Rabbit R5) have received 100 μg gp120 with Freund’s complete adjuvant.

Group 4 animal (Rabbit R6) have received 50 μg 1F7 plus 50 μg B12.

Group 5 animals (Rabbits R7 and R8) have received 100 μg 1F7 cross-linked sham-treated with alum.

Group 6 animals (Rabbits R9 and R10) have received 100 μg Mouse IgM-MPER peptide conjugate with alum.

ELISAs were performed at the University of Kentucky Dept. of Microbiology lab, Lexington, KY, USA, and by ImmunoPrecise Antibodies Ltd., Victoria, BC, Canada.

ELISA 1

Antibodies binding to HIV-1 antigens was tested by ELISA. ELISA was performed as previously described [13].

Plates were coated with HIV-1 rgp120-IIIB (gp120) or HIV-1 gp41 MN and blocked with % BSA. Rabbit serum starting at 1:5,000 and 1:10,000 were filled in microtiter plate wells, serially diluted, and incubated at room T overnight. The plates were then washed with PBS containing 0.05% Tween (gp120 coated) or 0.10% Tween (gp41 coated). Secondary goat anti-rabbit IgGHRP was added, and binding visualized by adding OPD substrate. Absorption was read I spectrophotometer at 490 nm.

ELISA’s were performed using sera at Day 0 (pre-bled) and Day 35 and 42 respectively after vaccination. Then sera from day 7, 14, 21, 28, 35 and 42 after vaccination of selected rabbits were tested.

ELISA 2

To prove specific dual antigenicity in conjugates gp41-MPERpeptide- 1F7 were tested for binding to a) 1F7 goat-anti mouse IgM, and b) goat anti-gp41IgG-HRP.

Neutralizing antibody assay

Sera from bleedings of Day 42 of all the rabbits were tested for the presence of HIV –1 neutralizing antibodies by Celia Labranche of David Montefiori’s group at Duke University [14].

Results

ELISA data from rabbits measuring response to Gp120, gp41, p24 and nef.

Rabbit 1 and 2 were immunized with covalent complex of gp120-1F7 (Figures 1-8).

Antibody titres of sera from Rabbit #1 and Rabbit #2. Indirect ELISA was performed against gp120 (♦), gp41 (▲), p24 (●) and nef (▇) at day 14 (A and B), day 28 (C and D) and day 42 (E and F). Day 0 results
are shown on all graphs as dashed lines.

Figure 2. Rabbit 3 immunized with covalent 1F7-MPER produced titers only against gp41.

Figure 3. Rabbit 4 immunized with covalent 1F7-MPER produced titers only against gp41.

Figure 4. Antibody titres of sera from Rabbit 5. Indirect ELISA was performed against gp120 (♦), gp41 (▲), p24 (●) and nef (▇) at day 14 (A), day 28 (B) and day 42 (C). Day 0 results are shown on all graphs as dashed lines.

Figure 5. Rabbit 6 immunized with mix of B12 and 1F7, (both monoclonal) produced titers against gp120 and gp41.

Figure 6. Rabbits 7 and 8 were immunized with 1F7 sham treated showed titers only against gp120.

Figure 7. Rabbits 9 and 10, immunized with covalent IgM control and MPER, produced antibodies gp120 and gp41.

Figure 8. This figure is adapted from Figure 5 of Hoffmann, Muller, Kohler [5]. Here Ƙ1F7 is Ab2 and an HIV antigen is Ag. Ab1 (not shown) is the HIV-specific IgG in the serum of HIV positive persons used in the generation of Ab2. 1F7 is an antiidiotypic antibody Ab2. 1F7 stimulates Ab3 and the HIV antigen stimulates Ab1’. There is coselection of (a) Ab3 clones and (b) Ab1’ clones with (c) Ab4/Ab2’ clones, leading to the Ab4/Ab2’ clones becoming the strongest antigen in the system with-selection of anti-HIV1 epitopes.

Figure 1 shows the response to the antigen panel. Sera from day 14 (panel A&B) contain week titers not different from pre-bleed sera (dotted line).

On days 28 and 42 titers against gp120 have increased, while titers against gp41, p24 and nef remain at pre-bleed levels.

Rabbit 5 immunized with gp120 in ICA and CFA produced titers against gp120, and titers to gp41, p24, and nef that increase by day 42.

Collectively, these data indicate that rabbits like other species produced antibodies against HIV1 antigens. However the response in rabbit 5, immunized with gp120 in CAF and CFA, was surprising since antibodies against different HIV1 antigens that were not used to immunized were recorded. Similar, rabbit 6 immunized with mix of tow monoclonal antibodies, 1F7 made in mice, designate as AB2delta [10] and the other B12 obtained from HIV1 infected individual, produced a response against the panel of HIV1 proteins.

These findings, while preliminary, indicate the existence of a B cell network in the HIV1 infection that is guided along the axis of the 1F7 [15].

HIV-1 Neutralization

The day 42 sera of all the rabbits were tested for the presence of neutralizing antibodies. The only rabbits to produce neutralizing antibodies were R1 and R2, as shown in Table 1. The sera were also tested for neutralization of four other pseudoviruses produced in 293T/17 cells, namely SHIV 1157ipEL p, SHIV-1157ipd3N4, SHIV-SF162P3 and SHIV-SF162P4, with uniformly negative results. Only rabbit 1and 2 immunized with covalent 1F-gp120 showed an ID50 neutralization titer against the corresponding gp120 virus.

Table 1: The ID50 values are the serum dilution at which relative luminescence values were reduced by 50% compared to virus control wells (no test sample).

Discussion

The aim of this study was to demonstrate an immunological network based on the concept of symmetry [16]. Such networks exist in the response to HIV1, as described earlier [5], and we aimed to find whether rabbits can be used to probe networks of interaction B-cells, is based on the principle of symmetry [2,17]. A HIV1 specific network was predicted by the discovery of the 1F7 monoclonal antibody that binds with different HV1 proteins [8]. The sharing of idiotopes by different antibodies has been observed in several responses [6] as idiotpes are physically separated in the Ig structure, designated as network antigens [10]. The response in rabbits 5 and 6, indicated an epitope spreading. However, neutralization was not achieved, possibly by not sufficient titers or failure of targeting neutralization antigens. It is remarkable that the 1F7 in the complex with gp120 induced neutralization, while the response in rabbits to gp120 alone with adjuvant did not. This seems to support the notion of a physiological important network in HIV1 infection [18].

Conclusion

The ultimate goal in eradicating HIV1 infection is the development of universal vaccine that induces neutralizing immune responses against a spectrum of different clades and viral mutants. The immunization regimen used in this study may not be optimized to induce neutralizing antibodies. Future studies shall use a prime/boost regimen whereby the priming dose will include 1F7.

Acknowledgement

We thank Celia LaBranche in David Montefiori’s lab at Duke University for carrying out the neutralization assays. We thank Michael Russ for performing photo-affinity and chemical conjugations at the Dept. of Microbiology at the University of Kentucky.

Figure legends for figures 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, and 8

ELISA of rabbit sera against gp120 and gp41 were described in material and methods (Elisa 1).

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