Internal Medicine: Open Access
Open Access

Transmission of Antibiotic Resistance from the Aquatic Environment to Humans

Reyed M Reyed^{* *}Correspondence: Reyed M Reyed, City of Scientific Research and Technology Applications, Alexandria, Egypt, Email:

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Description

Antibiotic-resistant bacteria most often are associated with hospitals and other health-care settings, but a new study indicates that sea water treatment plants and their water reuse also are hot spots of antibiotic resistance. The increase in antibiotic-resistant bacteria and antibiotic-resistant bacterial infections could be the result of a number of factors including the overuse and misuse of antibiotics in humans, antibiotic use in animal and crop agriculture, antimicrobial substances in personal care products, and the incomplete removal of biocides from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs).

Discussion

Wastewater treatment plants and their water reuse areas ripe for bacteria to shuffle and share their resistance genes. These hot spots of potential resistance transmission included a modern wastewater treatment plant their water reuse in agriculture and food production that means it's relatively easy for disease-causing bacteria that are treatable with the antibiotics to become resistant to those antibiotics quickly. If these bacteria happen to come into contact with the other microbes that carry some resistance genes, those genes can pop over in the one step. Those gene-transfer events are generally rare, but they are more likely to occur in these hot spots if the water reuses are hot spots of resistance gene transfer, We speculated that bacteria present in wastewater treatment plants -- where human regularly receive antibiotics -- would see even more pressure to share resistance genes. We should concern about such bacteria getting into the food system. Further, the wastewater treatment facility may be the hot spots of the antibiotic resistance transmission regardless of their locations. Trace concentrations of the antibiotic, such as those found in sewage outfalls, are enough to enable the bacteria to keep the antibiotic resistance. This explains why antibiotic resistance is so persistent in the environment. The nonexistence of a important overlap of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic resistome between the human microbiome and potential environ mental sources should not be interpreted as an indication of risk absence. Hence, screening of antibiotic resistome pools cannot be used as an accurate measure of the risk for transmission to humans. The risks of transmission of the antibiotic resistance from the environment to the humans must be assessed based on the antibiotic-resistant bacteria (not only on antibiotic resistome ) that are able to colonize and proliferate in the human body. The risk is a function of their fitness in the human body and presence of the resistance and the virulence genes. Even at extremely low abundance in the environmental sources.

Conclusion

Antibiotic-resistant bacteria may represent a high risk for our human health. The limits of the quantification of methods commonly used to screen for the antibiotic-resistant bacteria in environmental samples can be too high to allow the reliable risk assessments. The times of yore decade has eye witnessed disintegrate of study regarding antibiotic resistance in the environment, mainly in areas under human activities, which they are now recognized. However, a key issue refers to the risk of the transmission of resistance to the humans, for which a quantitative model is urgently needed. A most important conclusion is that the risks of spread of antibiotic resistance from the environment to humans must be managed under the precautionary principle, because it can be too late to act if we wait until we have to concrete risk values.