Journal of Leukemia
Open Access

Tuberculosis: An Ancient Chronic Diseases

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Editorial Note

Tuberculosis (TB) is a such type of diseases that has influenced human for over 4,000 years. It is an chronic infection which happened by bacillus Mycobacterium tuberculosis and spreads from one individual to another through air. TB normally influences the lungs yet it can likewise influence different pieces of the body, like mind, digestion tracts, kidneys, or the spine. Indications of TB rely upon where in the body the TB microorganisms are developing. In the instances of aspiratory TB, it might cause symptoms, like chronic cough, pain in the chest, haemoptysis, fatigue, loosing weight, fever, and nightsweats.

At the point when individuals with dynamic pneumonic TB cough, wheezing, talking, singing, or spiting, they remove irresistible spray drops 0.5 to 5.0 μm in width. A solitary wheeze can deliver up to 40,000 droplets. Each one of these drops might communicate the sickness, since the irresistible portion of tuberculosis is tiny (the inward breath of less than 10 microorganisms might cause a disease).

Also, this disease can infect any part of the body, the Mycobacterium tuberculosis infecting the lungs or throat is the infectious form, because it’s transmitted through cough droplets from an infected patient.

While TB was never completely cured, there was never ending significant drop in cases and mortality rates, if the development of the BCG vaccine (1921) and new anti-tubercular drugs in the 1950’s is not happened.

But the disease re-emerged. Prevalence increased to such a vast level that the WHO declared it a global health emergency in 1993 and subsequently developed the End TB Strategy, with the aim to end the global TB epidemic by 2035.

While progress has been made in reducing TB-related mortality, it nevertheless ranks as one of the most deadly infectious diseases, and particularly so in HIV/AIDS patients. Management and treatment is fraught with problems around controlling transmission especially in times of increased global travel and overcrowding in some urban settings, increased drug resistance, limited diagnostic tools and lack of efficacious vaccines. At the same time, expertise in low incidence settings much also be retained.

Identifying patients early is best way to interrupting transmission, especially due to increase in multi-drug resistant TB (MDRTB) strains. Control of transmission is further compounded by individuals with latent TB who may develop active disease with a drug-resistant strain which in turn infects other individuals.

However, drug susceptibility tests in resource-limited settings tend to be rationed towards those who display known risk factors. Scientist show in their study this strategy is prone to missing identification of MDRTB patients in settings where drug-resistant TB is prevalent, and so recommend that universal testing in these settings should be adopted.

Fast, cheap and accurate prognostic and diagnostic molecular tools are urgently needed. The development of improved bioinformatic tools, Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS) which has potential for investigating transmission and resistance prediction based on phenotype and genetic mutations.

Sputum tests and urine-based lipoarabinomannan assays have played major role in identifying infected individuals, but many TB patients is still haven’t diagnosed. This is leading to increased efforts to enhance these tests, and recent studies on LAM assays indicate it may be useful in identifying HIV-TB patients at higher risk of mortality.